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This article presents the investigations on modified mechanical and wear characteristics of cement kiln dust (CKD) reinforced homogeneous epoxy composites and its functionally graded materials developed for tribological applications. CKD reinforced homogeneous and functionally graded epoxy composites are developed by simple mechanical stirring and vertical centrifugal casting technique, respectively. Mechanical properties of these graded composites are evaluated and compared with those of homogenously filled epoxy composites. Sliding wear tests are conducted over a range of sliding velocities (105-314 cm/s), normal loads (20-40 N), filler contents ͑0-20 wt %͒, and sliding distances (0.5-2 km). For this, a pin-on-disk machine and the design of experiments approach using Taguchi's orthogonal arrays are used. A theoretical model is proposed for estimating the sliding wear rates for homogeneous, as well as graded composites. The results found from the theoretical model so proposed are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values under similar test conditions. This study reveals that the presence of cement kiln dust particles enhances the sliding wear resistance of epoxy resin and the homogeneous composites suffer greater wear loss than the graded composites. scanning electron microscopy micrograph confirms the graded dispersion of CKD particles in the matrix.

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Human body is a natural heterogeneous object optimized in its structure and composition by natural processes over the years of evolution. In this paper, B-spline surface representation method is extended to represent material composition for the development of heterogeneous human body model. Two different approaches namely surface fairing and surface fit are used to create slice by slice model from CT scan data. Both the approaches are compared for different regression parameters. This methodology has potential to represent body internal details accurately with fewer digital input data and is extendable to 3-D solid modeling of human body with applications in FEM analysis, freeform-fabrication and tissue engineering.