The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has created a variety of challenges for health care professionals, including ambulatory care clinical pharmacists. High‐quality remote and minimal‐contact care has become a necessity. Ambulatory care clinical pharmacists around the nation have adjusted their practice. In many cases, this included implementation of telehealth programs for comprehensive medication management. The redesign of ambulatory care Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPE) also required quick adaptation. In this paper, we describe the clinical practice and experiential education challenges encountered by an ambulatory care clinical pharmacist workgroup in a COVID‐19 “hotspot,” with an emphasis on solutions and guidance. We discuss how to adapt ambulatory care clinical pharmacy practices including methods of minimal‐contact care, reimbursement opportunities, tracking outcomes, and restructuring ambulatory care APPE. As ambulatory care clinical pharmacists continue to expand the services they provide in response to COVID‐19, we also describe opportunities to promote pharmacists as providers during times of pandemic and into the future.
Objective. To evaluate the metacognitive abilities of pharmacy students and determine whether introducing the concept along with team-based learning (TBL) enhances metacognition. Methods. Pharmacy students completed a Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) and a lowstakes pretest during the first class that evaluated students' knowledge about the therapeutic concepts that would be taught through TBL. The same questions were administered on the comprehensive final examination for the course. For each of the course assessments, students were asked to indicate their understanding of the topic and predict their performance. Actual performance was measured as a result of each assessment.Results. The pre-MAI composite score was 77.3%. Scores significantly improved by the end of the course to 84.6%. There were significant differences in both declarative knowledge and conditional knowledge when evaluating performance groups. Students in the middle performance group demonstrated the greatest ability to predict their performance on the final examination. Though these were not significant, students in the low group overestimated their performance, while students in the high group underestimated their performance. Baseline grade point average was the only factor predictive of the final examination score and the final course grade. Conclusion. Pedagogies such as TBL may support development of metacognitive skills in pharmacy students. However, intentional guidance provided by an instructor is required to improve pharmacy students' regulation of cognition skills.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.