Abstract:To determine the risk factors and complications in patients expired due to measles. Background:Measles is one of the vaccine-preventable diseases. Mortality and morbidity due to it has been decreased in many countries with preventive measures. However, epidemics occur off and on in some communities. Pakistan has faced an epidemic in 2012-13. Started from one province and affected others. Due to some risk factors, Pakistani children suffered from many complications.

Objectives: To determine the outcome of newborns, admitted with different stages of HIE in Neonatal Unit, Services Hospital, Lahore. Study design: Descriptive Study. Place and duration of study: Neonatology Section, Pediatrics Department, Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) / Services Hospital, Lahore. Over a period of Six months, from 1st August 2005 to 31st January 2006. Material & methods: A total of 170 newborns having Apgar score less than 7 were included in the study. Babies with any congenital anomaly were excluded. Results: 80% were males. 17.64% had weight less than 1.5 Kg, 37.06% weight between 1.5 Kg to 2.5 Kg and 45.29% had weight more than 2.5 Kg. 90.5% of our babies were delivered in Services Hospital, Lahore. 77.64% babies were full term. Babies were divided into three groups; Group-I had Apgar score 0-3, Group-II between 4 & 5 and Group-III had Apgar score 6-7. In Group-I, 65% babies died, whereas 100% had any one of the complications, in Group-II, there were 22% deaths and no baby died from Group-III. Conclusions: Despite advanced technology, a high number of babies have HIE and its complications. It is better to prevent babies from HIE, because once HIE occur, you cannot save babies completely from its complications.

Objective: To describe the immediate symptoms of the post menopausal women attending Punjab Rangers Hospital Lahore. To see the effects of these symptoms on quality of life (QOL). Study Design: This was a descriptive type of study that was carried out at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Punjab Rangers Hospital. Setting: O&G OPD at Punjab Rangers Teaching Hospital Sample Size: 100 patients with menopause were studied for symptomatology and these symptoms affect the quality of life. Sample Collection: Sample collection was done by a non-probability convenient method. Inclusion Criteria: All patients who attended gynae opd at Punjab rangers hospital with:  Natural menopause  Above 45 years  Below 55 years  With no other Gynecological problems Exclusion Criteria: All those patients were excluded from the study that had  Surgical menopause  Perimenopause  History of depressive illness  Women on antidepressant  Women on HRT  Below 45 YEARS Data Collection: The questionnaires based on menopausal rating scale for symptomatology and quality of life were generated to see the impacts of these symptoms on life. The educated patients filled questionnaires. I filled out questionnaires of illiterate patients outdoors myself. Data Analysis: An analysis of data was done by using computer software SPSS. Data master sheet was developed. Frequency tables and graphs were generated The data was analyzed by using computer software SPSS.. Confidence interval was calculated for important frequency tables. Cross tabulation was done for marital status,parity,literacy,smoking and chi-square was applied as a test of significance. 65% patients described that their quality of life decreased after menopause especially due to vasomotor and psychological symptoms. 35% of patients were happy and satisfied after their menopause.Besides menopause there were other stresses of middle life, which made life worse. Subject: The study was performed during the period November2020 to May 2021.Sample was collected by a non probability convenient method and 100 patients were selected. Data was collected by questionnaire provided to patients attending the outpatient department. Data was analyzed with a computer software system by using SPSS. Results: The mean age observed was 49 years and frequency distribution of symptoms were:Hot flushes 60%, Night sweats 55% ,Insomnia 50% ,Mood changes 60% ,Anxiety 50% ,Irritability 50% ,Memory loss 30% ,Vaginal dryness 10%, Dyspareunia 10% ,Loss of libido 15% ,Urethral symptoms 25% ,Lethargy and general body aches 75% .65% patients described that their QOL had decreased after menopause. 35% patients described no effect. Conclusion: To promote the awareness in women about menopause, HRT and other alternatives which can improve their QOL

Objective: To determine the prevalence of risk factors of primary 3rd degree malnutrition in children under 5 years of age. Design: Hospital based descriptive study. Place & duration of study: Department of Pediatrics, SIMS/Services Hospital, Lahore, from July 2005 to December 2005. Materials and methods: A total of 200 children were included in study, from 2 months to 5 years of age. All had 3rd degree malnutrition according to modified Gomez Classification. Risk factors included were; Fresh (Cow) milk feeding, mixed feeding, delayed weaning, more than 2 children under 5, large family size (>5 children), partial vaccination, no vaccination, working mother, un-employed factors, twin delivery. Results: Risk factors identified were as follows: Mixed feeding 85.5% (n=171), more than 2 children under 5 was 84.5% (n=169), delayed weaning 74% (n=148), only fresh milk 70% (n=140), large family size (>5 children) 69% (n=138), partial vaccination 66.5% (n=133), working mother 24% (n=48), unemployed father 13.5% (n=27) and twin deliveries 3.5% (n=7). Conclusion: Most of the risk factors are preventable just by counseling and motivation o f parents. Malnutrition can be avoided without causing financial burden on family.