India experienced the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 3 to June 10, 2021. During the second wave, Delta variant B.1617.2 emerged as the predominant strain, spiking cases from 12.5 million to 29.3 million (cumulative) by the end of the surge in India. Vaccines against COVID-19 are a potent tool to control and end the pandemic in addition to other control measures. India rolled out its vaccination programme on January 16, 2021, initially with two vaccines that were given emergency authorization–Covaxin (BBV152) and Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19). Vaccination was initially started for the elderly (60+) and front-line workers and then gradually opened to different age groups. The second wave hit when vaccination was picking up pace in India. There were instances of vaccinated people (fully and partially) getting infected, and reinfections were also reported. We undertook a survey of staff (front line health care workers and supporting) of 15 medical colleges and research institutes across India to assess the vaccination coverage, incidence of breakthrough infections, and reinfections among them from June 2 to July 10, 2021. A total of 1876 staff participated, and 1484 forms were selected for analysis after removing duplicates and erroneous entries (n = 392). We found that among the respondents at the time of response, 17.6% were unvaccinated, 19.8% were partially vaccinated (received the first dose), and 62.5% were fully vaccinated (received both doses). Incidence of breakthrough infections was 8.7% among the 801 individuals (70/801) tested at least 14 days after the 2nd dose of vaccine. Eight participants reported reinfection in the overall infected group and reinfection incidence rate was 5.1%. Out of (N = 349) infected individuals 243 (69.6%) were unvaccinated and 106 (30.3%) were vaccinated. Our findings reveal the protective effect of vaccination and its role as an essential tool in the struggle against this pandemic.

Historically, the research on the right ventricle (RV) has been neglected by his left equivalent because of the complexity of left ventricle (LV) dysfunction. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) can be classified as linked to primary valve disease or functional in nature, but most are functional. Although it was historically assumed that such functional Tricuspid regurgitation, i.e. arising from leftsided disease, and it can be resolved after corrective surgery, but after successful surgery, on the aortic or mitral valve annular dilatation, the Tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular dysfunction may persist.To study the circumference of tricuspid orifice and it’s the diameter in two perpendicular planes and its comparison among the male and female population. The material for the present study comprised of 50 formalin fixed human hearts (35 males and 15 females) which were obtained from the department of anatomy. In this study, it is observed that: The mean value of circumference of a tricuspid orifice is 11.01+/-0.63 cm. The diameter of tricuspid orifice along the frontal dimension is 3.06+/-0.38 cm, and the diameter along the sagittal dimension is 2.26+/-0.23 cm. The measurements of the circumference of tricuspid orifice reported for males and females in western countries were higher than the present study and the diameter along the frontal dimension is greater than the diameter along the sagittal dimension. The tricuspid valve diameter along the frontal dimension was more than the diameter along the sagittal dimension in both males and females.

Background: India is facing a third wave of infection of coronavirus. For controlling the pandemic, it’s very crucial that everyone should follow the control measures which is ultimately depended upon the factors like knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of people towards coronavirus according to KAP theory. At such a critical moment to manage the COVID-19 pandemic in India arises an urgency for understanding people's awareness of COVID-19. So, we plan to present a study in view of investigating the KAP for COVID-19 in rural populations during the outbreak of COVID-19 disease.Methods: A cross-sectional design with a cluster sampling method from the field practice area of a rural medical college was selected. Participants were above 18 years. Data collection was done after taking informed consent. Data were analysed with R studio software with appropriate statistical tests.Result: A good knowledge of COVID-19 was found in rural population. Majority of population has good knowledge about COVID-19 epidemiology, signs, and symptoms. Good knowledge corresponds to appropriate behaviour and proper practices in population. Overall participants were confident that India will win war against COVID-19.Conclusions: Our study findings suggested that the rural population of India with a comparatively high level of education, specifically Health care services people, had proper knowledge, cheerful way of attitude, and appropriately practicing measures towards COVID-19 during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 cases. Whereas age, gender, and socioeconomic status didn’t show any significant association with the knowledge score. We conclude that KAP towards COVID-19 by vulnerable populations warrants special attention for research.

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The cardiovascular system consists of a pump represented by the heart and blood vessels, which provide the route by which blood circulates to all parts of the body. William Harvey, in the 17th century, discovered that blood is pumped away from the heart, but it all returns to the heart after circulating in the body. A right ventricular function can be compromised by pressure or stress, often secondary to the right heart valve or muscle pathology. The valves maintain unidirectional flow and permit increased pressure to develop in the chambers. The tricuspid valve consists of three tissue flaps. It separates the right atria and the right ventricle. To measure morphometric measurements of an individual leaflet of the tricuspid valve of cadaveric human hearts. The material for the present study comprised of 50 formalin-fixed adult human hearts (35 males and 15 females) which were obtained from the Department of Anatomy from various medical colleges in Maharashtra. Statistical significant difference was found for the height of anterior and posterior leaflets between male and female hearts. The length of the septal leaflet was also found to be statistically significant between male and female hearts. The study will be helpful for cardiac surgeons in providing data for tricuspid valve complex, leaflets, cords and papillary muscles.