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Due to the massive growth of mobile users, the demand for data traffic along with coverage enhancement has significantly increased and put a significant burden on the pre-existing system like infrastructure based cellular networks, etc., especially in the urban zone. The inabilities and inefficiencies of pre-existing systems in handling a large number of traffic demands is a major concern. One way by which the existing infrastructure based cellular network can fulfill the above requirements by the increasing power level of radiations.But increasing the radiation power levels above a safety value defined by international exposure standards results in adverse health effects in the society. The impact is more on the urban societies because of congestion dwelling than rural areas. A vital solution to the above challenges of full filling the user's demand capacity as well as prevent the society from adverse health effects are to control ground-level data plane network aerially. That is not to make mobile users utterly dependent on the existing base stations. This could be possible through such as Loon Technology, Tethered Balloon, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) concept, etc. The key objective is to efficiently deploy a HetNet wireless network using UAVs in urban canyons for great coverage and capacity enhancement and reduce the effects of radiations. The simulation results show the betterment in spectral efficiency, transmission range, transmission delays, and efficient packet delivery.

In recent years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have gained significant interest in research groups due to the wide range of applications, such as disaster surveillance and monitoring, rescue operations, military, civil, and so forth. UAVs are most often used to fulfill both user's services and requirements such as wireless communication facilities to end-users, as a relay node to extend the coverage of the core network, and so forth. UAVs are versatile in design and can cover larger areas, contrary to the Tethered Balloon and Loon Balloon systems. Generally in any natural or humanmade disaster, there is a high potential risk of damage to buildings, transport systems, communication systems, and basic services. During heavy disasters like landslides, forest fires, floods, earthquakes, and so forth, the conventional terrestrial communication system gets destroyed, and people face many problems. In this case, UAVs prove to offer a better solution to provide fast, cost-effective, easy to deploy, and secure wireless communication to the victims. But there are some issues like interference between UAVs and other base stations, coordination between UAVs, Quality of Service requirements, Size, Weight, and Power limitation, delay, coverage, positioning of UAVs, and so forth. This study article mainly highlighted these issues and try to present the recent developments of the state-of-the-art to overcome these issues. In UAV communications, with an increasing emphasis on how UAVs can be integrated with different technologies, such as the Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Network, Heterogeneous Network, and Cloud computing. The primary aim of this article is to examine how UAVs can assist survivors in floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, or in any natural or human-made disaster situations, either in the present or soon. Also, it focused on various applications of UAVs in disaster management (DM). It underlines the significance of UAVs in DM and their advantages. It also focuses on the various issues and challenges faced by the UAV-based infrastructure and security issues and gives future directions.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has become a priority in the industrial and academic research community for the last few years. With the fast development of wireless networking technologies, it is widely used in many applications such as surveillance, search and rescue (SAR) operation, disaster management, remote monitoring, and so forth. Emergency communication for victims and first responders is one of the critical requirements during natural and human-made disasters. Airborne Base Stations (BS) or UAV-mounted BS has been used to provide high-speed internet services and rescue responses in natural disasters and emergencies in recent years. Most of the previous research on UAV-mounted BS (UAVmBS) only considers outdoor users. It assumes their coordinate position in a two-dimensional (2D) plane, taking only Euclidean pathloss-based distance into account.Though, in man-made or urban natural disaster situations such as floods, cyclones, building fires, and so forth, users are stuck in single or multistory high-rise buildings situated in a three-dimensional (3D) plane. In such cases, it is possible to interact and rescue reliably if pathloss features are known a priori, both for UAVmBS to users (downlink) and vice versa (uplink). As pathloss in the above situations is a mixture of outdoor and indoor elements, adopting a compatible model can be challenging for communications. This article proposes a layered architecture and studies the path loss models best suited for the disaster management system (DMS), which considers both indoor and outdoor parameters. Further, the main goal is to effectively implement a layered architecture employing UAVmBS in urban disasters for better capacity and coverage improvement. Simulation outputs display the progress in transmission delays, throughput, and effective packet delivery for disaster management.

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