Purpose: Given the importance of treatment failure due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, studies on population structure of these organisms are necessary to improve control strategies. Accordingly, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of carbapenemresistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) at a teaching referral hospital in Iran and to analyze their molecular clonality by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for epidemiological purposes. Methods: In this study, modified Hodge test (MHT) and double-disk synergy test (DDST) were used for carbapenemase production and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) screening, respectively. All P. aeruginosa isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, MBL genes (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM, blaNDM) were detected by multiplex PCR assay. Results: Among 68 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, 38 (55.88%) isolates were CRPA. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that most of these isolates were MDR. PFGE analyses showed 5 common types and 27 single types among CRPA isolates. MLST analysis revealed three major clusters (MLST-sequence types (STs): 235, 357, and 861) among them. The 30 non-CRPA isolates corresponded mainly to MLST-STs 253, 360, and 446. Conclusion: Our results showed that internationally distributed MLST-STs with widely genomic diversity have spread in our hospital, and clonal expansion of MDR strains of P. aeruginosa was described as well.

Background:Although long-term effects of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) on renal function and structure have been evaluated, knowledge regarding the immediate effects of surgery on renal function is limited. We conducted this study to evaluate the impact of unilateral PCNL on bilateral renal function during immediate post-operative period.Materials and Methods:From April to September 2012, 40 eligible patients were enrolled in this study and underwent unilateral PCNL. During the post-operative period, creatinine clearances (CrCl) of treated and untreated sides were estimated separately and pattern of changes in bilateral renal function following this procedure was evaluated.Results:Following the operation, CrCl of both kidneys showed a similar pattern of changes, of course more dramatic on treated side. We observed progressive decline in CrCl of both sides followed by bilateral improvement in renal function toward pre-operative values.Conclusions:During the early post-operative period following unilateral PCNL, both kidneys experienced a temporary drop in function warranting more intensive post-operative care.

Background: Simple open prostatectomy is still the treatment of choice for removing large prostates; however, peri-surgical bleeding accompanied by this technique has always been a challenge for urologist surgeons. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of surgicel on reducing bleeding in trans-vesical prostatectomy. Materials and Methods: The present double-blinded clinical trial included 54 patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), divided into two groups of 27, and underwent trans-vesical prostatectomy. After removing the prostate, the prostate adenoma was weighed in the first group. Then, two surgicel were inserted into the prostate loge for prostate adenomas weighing 75 g or less. For larger prostates, another surgicel was inserted for each 25 g weight higher than the limit of 75 g. However, no Surgicel was inserted in the control group. Other steps of the procedure were the same in both groups. Moreover, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were assessed in both groups; preoperation, intra-operative, 24 h, and 48 h postoperative. In addition, all the fluid used for bladder irrigation was collected, and its hemoglobin level was assessed. Results: According to our results, no intergroup difference in hemoglobin level changes, hematocrit changes, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), postoperative hospital stay, and number of packed cells received. However, the postoperative blood loss in bladder lavage fluid was significantly higher in the control group (120.83 ± 46.66 g) as compared to the surgicel group (72.56 ± 32.53 g) ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study concluded that using surgicel in trans-vesical prostatectomy could reduce postoperative bleeding without increasing the chance of postoperative complications.

The high prevalence rate in conjunction with the long latency period made prostate cancer (PCa) an attractive and reasonable candidate for preventive measures. So far, several dietary and nutritional interventions have been implemented and studied with the aim of preventing the development or delaying the progression of PCa. Calorie restriction accompanied by weight loss has been shown to be associated with decreased likelihood of aggressive PCa. Supplements have played a major role in nutritional interventions. While genistein and lycopene seemed promising as preventive agents, minerals such as zinc and selenium were shown to be devoid of protective effects. The role of vitamins has been widely studied, with special emphasis on vitamins with antioxidant properties. Data related to Vitamin A and Vitamin C were rather controversial and positive effects were of insignificant magnitude. Vitamin E was associated with a decreased risk of PCa in high-risk groups like smokers. However, when it comes to Vitamin D, the serum levels might affect the risk of PCa. While deficiency of this vitamin was associated with increased risk, high serum levels imposed the risk of aggressive disease. Despite the seemingly promising effects of dietary measures on PCa, no firm recommendation could be made due to the limitations of the studies and evidence. However, the majority of these advices could be followed by the patients with the intent of living a healthy lifestyle.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an entity which belongs to a spectrum of neoplastic diseases called the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (EFT). EFTs of the kidney represent less than 1% of all renal tumors. Herein, we presented a case of primary renal ES with tumor thrombosis up to vena cava who underwent radical nephrectomy and IVC tumor thrombectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Histopathology showed that the tumor composed of small uniform, dark, round cells arranged in sheets, and rosettoid pattern. The diagnosis of ESFT was confirmed by detecting EWS/FLI-1 fusion gene using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).