The systemic and respiratory clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) include fever, coughing, sneezing, sore throat, rhinitis, dyspnea, chest pain, malaise, fatigue, anorexia and headache. Moreover, cutaneous manifestations have been reported in 0.2% to 20.4% of cases. Early diagnosis of COVID‐19 leads to a better prognosis; knowledge of its cutaneous manifestations is one way that may help fulfil this goal. In this review, PubMed and Medline were searched with the terms “dermatology”, “skin” and “cutaneous”, each in combination with “SARS‐CoV‐2” or “COVID‐19”. All articles, including original articles, case reports, case series and review articles published from the emergence of the disease to the time of submission, were included. In this comprehensive narrative review, we tried to provide an analysis of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID‐19, including maculopapular rash, urticaria, Chilblain‐like, vesicular lesions, livedo reticularis and petechiae in asymptomatic/symptomatic COVID‐19 patients that might be the first complication of infection after respiratory symptoms. Immune dysregulation, cytokine storms, side effects of antiviral drugs, environmental conditions and high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy might be involved in the pathogenesis of the cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19 patients. Therefore, knowledge of cutaneous COVID‐19 manifestations might be vital in achieving a quick diagnosis in some COVID‐19 patients, which would help control the pandemic. Further research is very much warranted to clarify this issue.

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Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently become the number one problem affecting global health. Coronavirus disease 2019 is principally recognized by its respiratory manifestations; however, recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with gastrointestinal complaints like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infects the gastrointestinal tract via the angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor, expressed on the ileum and colon enterocytes. Usually, gastrointestinal symptoms manifest later than respiratory symptoms. Concern for fecal-oral transmission has been raised following the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in fecal samples for prolonged periods, even after respiratory clearance. In this review, we summarize the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on the gastrointestinal system.

Background & Aims: Health workers are in the front line of the epidemics and face a lot of stress. So maintaining their physical and mental health affects the quality of work and satisfaction of the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between general health and COVID-19 anxiety level in the nursing students of Babol Azad University, Iran. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-correlational research was conducted in the second semester of 2020-2021 in Babol Azad University, Iran. The study population included 90 undergraduate nursing students who were selected by stratified random sampling. Research tools include General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 software. Descriptive tests for frequency and t-test, correlation and multivariate regression were used. Results:The findings of the current research showed that the highest percentage of the research samples (53.1%) had a score between 22-42 out of 84, which shows that public health has been threatened and damaged in some areas of anxiety, depression, and physical and social aspects. In the field of COVID anxiety, the largest percentage of samples (87.7%) had a score of 0-16 out of 54 in the COVID anxiety scale. The results of Pearson's correlation test showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the anxiety of COVID and the dimensions of anxiety, depression, and physical signs of general health, and a negative significant relationship (p≤0.05) between the anxiety of COVID and the social dimension of general health. Conclusion:The findings of the present research can provide useful information to educational officials of the universities to improve their educational environment and reduce stress factors, to implant stressmanagement workshops, and doing advices to the students about dealing with the anxiety of COVID-19, to take an important step towards improving the general health of nursing students and improving their quality of care.