The global COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world’s population by causing changes in behavior, such as social distancing, masking, restricting people’s movement, and evaluating existing medication as potential therapies. Many pre-existing medications such as tocilizumab, ivermectin, colchicine, interferon, and steroids have been evaluated for being repurposed to use for the treatment of COVID-19. None of these agents have been effective except for steroids and, to a lesser degree, tocilizumab. Ivermectin has been one of the suggested repurposed medications which exhibit an in vitro inhibitory activity on SARS-CoV-2 replication. The most recommended dose of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 is 150–200 µg/kg twice daily. As ivermectin adoption for COVID-19 increased, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning on its use during the pandemic. However, the drug remains of interest to clinicians and has shown some promise in observational studies. This narrative reviews the toxicological profile and some potential therapeutic effects of ivermectin. Based on the current dose recommendation, ivermectin appears to be safe with minimum side effects. However, serious questions remain about the effectiveness of this drug in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.

One of the signi cant challenges in urbanization is the air pollution. This highlights the need of the green city concept with reconsideration of houses, factories and tra cs in a green viewpoint. The literature review con rms that this reconsideration for green space, has a positive effect on the air quality of large cities and to remove the air pollution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the annual vegetation changes in the green space of Mashhad, Iran as a very populated city in the middle east to study the air pollution. To investigate the relationship between the air pollution and vegetation, the Landsat 8 satellite images for summers of 2013-2019 were used to extract changes in vegetation by calculating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and the Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI). The main contribution in comparison with the relevant studies is to study the relationship between clean, healthy and unhealthy days with the green space area for the rst time in Mashhad, Iran. The results show that the implementation of green city concept in Mashhad, Iran has been increased by 64%, 81% and 53% by NDVI, EVI and OSAVI, respectively during the study period. The vegetation area of this city is positively correlated to clean and healthy days and has a negative correlation to unhealthy days, in which the greatest values for NDVI, EVI and OSAVI are 0.33, 0.52 and -0.53, respectively.

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One of the significant challenges in urbanization is the air pollution. This highlights the need of the green city concept with reconsideration of houses, factories and traffics in a green viewpoint. The literature review confirms that this reconsideration for green space, has a positive effect on the air quality of large cities and to remove the air pollution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the annual vegetation changes in the green space of Mashhad, Iran as a very populated city in the middle east to study the air pollution. To investigate the relationship between the air pollution and vegetation, the Landsat 8 satellite images for summers of 2013-2019 were used to extract changes in vegetation by calculating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and the Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI). The main contribution in comparison with the relevant studies is to study the relationship between clean, healthy and unhealthy days with the green space area for the first time in Mashhad, Iran. The results show that the implementation of green city concept in Mashhad, Iran has been increased by 64%, 81% and 53% by NDVI, EVI and OSAVI, respectively during the study period. The vegetation area of this city is positively correlated to clean and healthy days and has a negative correlation to unhealthy days, in which the greatest values for NDVI, EVI and OSAVI are 0.33, 0.52 and -0.53, respectively.