Because of their toxic effects on the food chain and sources of water, antibiotics are potential pollutants that represent an important environmental problem. The objective of this research was to study the adsorption of penicillin G (PEN G) onto chestnut shell using a batch adsorption system. Maximum adsorption was achieved at pH 3.0. The equilibrium uptake capacity (mg/g) increased with increasing levels of initial penicillin G concentration. The uptake capacity of penicillin G onto chestnut shell was determined using the Langmuir model and was found to be 100 mg/g. It was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data best. Additionally, the results of adsorption kinetics studies fitted the pseudo-second-order equation best.

The present paper aims to investigate water purification of phenol by walnut green hull adsorbent.The surface characteristics of the adsorbent were studied using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl onto walnut green hull surface was proved by FTIR analysis. . Also, the adsorption kinetics of phenol on the adsorbent were studied. The rates of sorption were found to conform to pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation.

The present study evaluates the reduction of antibiotic COD from wastewater by combined coagulation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPS). The reduction of Azithromycin COD by combined coagulation and Fenton-like processes reached a maximum 96.9% at a reaction time of 30 min, dosage of ferric chloride 120 mg/L, dosages of Fe0 and H2O2of 0.36mM/L and 0.38 mM/L, respectively. Also, 97.9% of Clarithromycin COD reduction, was achieved at a reaction time of 30 min, dosage of ferric chloride 120 mg/L, dosages of Fe0 and H2O2 of 0.3 mM/L and 0.3mM/L, respectively. The results of kinetic studies were best fitted to the pseudo first order equation. The results showed a higher rate constant value for combined coagulation and Fenton-like processes [(kap = 0.022 min-1 and half-life time of 31.5 min for Azithromycin) and (kap = 0.023 min-1 and half-life time of 30.1 min for Clarithromycin)].

In this study, the COD removal of Azithromycin from synthetic wastewater (produced to have a composition similar to industrial wastewater) using a Fenton-like (Fe˚/H 2 O 2 ) system in combination with coagulation has been investigated. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was selected as the main parameter to assess treatment efficacy in the current study (COD˚ = 390mg/Lequivalent to 200mg/LAzithromycin). First, the coagulation process was carried out on the synthetic wastewater and the optimum conditions were determined and calculated. According to the results of this experiment, Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAX-18) was selected as the most appropriate coagulant. The results of the coagulation process indicated that COD removal efficacy under the optimum conditions of PAX-18 100mg/Land pH 7.0 was 82.14%. Then, a Fenton-like oxidation process was performed on the effluent of the coagulation process. The optimum conditions were determined and calculated for the Fenton-like process: [Fe˚] = 0.36 mM/l, [H 2 O 2 ]= 0.38 mM/l, and [pH]=7.0. Finally, in combined treatment (coagulation and the Fenton-like process together), the COD removal rose to 96.89% under optimum conditions. The findings of this study demonstrate that the combined processes of coagulation and Fenton-like oxidation under optimum conditions can play an important role in the COD removal of Azithromycin from industrial wastewater.

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