Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the regulatory framework of e-money transactions in terms of consumer protection approach, the base for regulatory and supervisory system. Design/methodology/approach – This research is based on descriptive-qualitative studies in electronic and cyber commerce. The authors have first explained the importance of regulation for consumer protection and have then showed the position of regulation in e-money; thus, the authors have noted two important and predominant concepts of consumer protection: safe arrangement in e-money and problem of information secrecy and asymmetry. The leading approach in this paper is for efficient allocation of resources between dealers and player of this scope and the authors find consumer protection as the best regulation instrument in this way. Findings – The paper argues that e-money is an efficient and user-friendly payment system and might be used as a general means of payment in the real and virtual worlds. This finding provides a major reason for regulatory frameworks in e-money. Originality/value – Some important regulation applications in this new scope of commerce involve indirect interference and making orders in transactions. In this paper, the authors have focused on consumer protection regulation that may have a positive effect on dealers, businessmen and women in the long run; thus, this approach also compares other studies within the scope of e-money.

This work was conducted to study positive and negative impacts of cerium (Ce) and samarium (Sm) on two cultivars (Arta and Baharan) in wheat plant. Symbols of stress such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes, which may be complicated in the suppression responses of plants, were also studied. Wheat plants were exposed to 0, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10,000 and 15,000 μM of Ce and Sm for 7 days. The growth enhanced in plants treated with lesser Ce and Sm concentration (2500 μM) and declined in plants treated with upper concentrations as compared to untreated plants. The treatment with 2500 μM of Ce and Sm increased dry weigh in Arta by 68.42 and 20% and in Baharan by 32.14% and 27.3%. Thus, Ce and Sm had hormesis effect on growth in wheat plants. According to plant’s growth parameter patterns, Arta cultivar had more sensitive to Sm than to Ce, whereas Baharan cultivar had sensitive to Ce than to Sm. Our results indicated impact of Ce and Sm on proline accumulation depended on the dosage of Ce and Sm. It was observed that Ce and Sm accumulated in wheat plants at higher exposure doses. Increment of MDA content by Ce and Sm treatments showed that these metals caused oxidative stress in wheat plants. Ce and Sm blocked enzymatic antioxidant system (superoxide dismutases, peroxidase and polyphenol peroxidase) in wheat. In wheat plants treated with lower Ce and Sm concentrations higher amounts of non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolites were detected. Thus, we showed the potential negative impact of unsuitable utilization of REEs in plants and suggested growth and interruption in physiological and biochemical mechanisms as a possible factor to recognize the underlying toxicological processes.

This work was conducted to study positive and negative impacts on two cultivars (Arta and Baharan) in wheat plant. Symbols of stress such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes, which may be complicated in the suppression responses of plants, were also studied. Wheat plants were exposed to 0, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10000 and 15000 µМ of cerium (Ce) and samarium (Sm) for 21 days. The growth enhanced in plants treated with lesser Ce and Sm concentration (2500 µМ) and declinded in plants treated with upper concentrations as compared to untreated plants. Thus, Ce and Sm had hormesis effect on growth in wheat plants. According to plant’s growth parameter patterns, Arta cultivar had more sensitive to Sm than to Ce, whereas Baharan cultivar had sensitive to Ce than to Sm. Our results indicated impact of Ce and Sm on proline accumulation depended on the dosage of Ce and Sm. It was observed that Ce and Sm accumulated in wheat plants at higher exposure doses. Increment of MDA content by Ce and Sm treatments showed that these metals caused oxidative stress in wheat plants. Ce and Sm blocked enzymatic antioxidant system (superoxide dismutases, peroxidase and polyphenol peroxidase) in wheat. In wheat plants treated with lower Ce and Sm concentrations higher amounts of non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolites were detected. Thus, we showed the potential negative impact of unsuitable utilization of REEs in plants and suggested growth and interruption in physiological and biochemical mechanisms as a possible factor to recognize the underlying toxicological processes.