A simple procedure for recovering biodegradable polymer from bacterial cells has been developed using economical and environmentally friendly solvent or chemicals. Recombinant bacterium, Cupriavidus necator harboring pBBR1MCS-C2 plasmid polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase gene was used for the production of copolymer P(3HB-co-3HHx) from crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). NaOH was chosen in this study as it could give high purity and recovery yield. Increase of NaOH concentration had resulted in an increase of the PHA purity, but the recovery yield had decreased. The greater improvement of PHA purity and recovery were achieved by incubating the freeze-dried cells (10-30 g/L) in NaOH (0.1 M) for 1-3 h at 30°C and polishing using 20% (v/v) of ethanol. The treatment caused negligible degradation of the molecular weight of PHA recovered from the bacterial cells. The present review also highlights other extraction methods to provide greater insights into economical and sustainable recovery of PHA from bacterial cells.

The rove beetle, Paederus fuscipes Curtis has caused tremendous dermatitis once unintentionally crushed against human skin due to their potent toxic released called paederin produce by the endosymbiont bacteria. The genus Pseudomonas was hypothesized to be the endosymbiont bacteria involved in the production of paederin in Paederus. However, no extensive studies have been performed to investigate the existence of other bacteria, and the relationship between the endosymbiont counts amongst male and female P. fuscipes beetles. We found that P. fuscipes harbours surprising numbers of bacteria diversity with a total of 20 different bacterial species identified. Bacillus, Serratia, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas bacteria were the dominated genus found in all collected beetles from all light trap locations. However, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa Migula is the medically important species and is commonly known to cause severe dermatitis lesions to humans. Our results revealed the P. aeruginosa  counts cultured on Pseudomonas medium was found higher total mean bacteria counts in fuscipes females (2.58 x 105 ± 2.73 x 104 cell) compared to male beetles (5.68 x 104 ± 3.70 x 103 cells). We demonstrated that a large diversity of bacterial community has been isolated from both male and female P. fuscipes, however P. aeruginosa colonies were frequently detected in females compared to male beetles. These results can be used in future studies to investigate the possible impact of these bacterial counts on the concentration of paederin produced in P. fuscipes.