Background: Anatomical variations of the mandibular canal play a vital role while performing surgical procedures affecting an area with mandibular canal course in the mandible. The neurovascular bundle may be severed during surgical procedures carried out mandible. Aims and Objectives: The present retrospective study was aimed to assess and evaluate the mandibular canal and its variations on the panoramic radiography. Materials and Methods: The study included 88 randomly selected panoramic radiographs with complete mandible and associated bone. On a panoramic radiograph, the following parameters were assessed including bifid mandibular canal and location of bifurcation, the diameter of the mandibular canal as recorded in the first molar region, trabeculation in submandibular gland fossa, anterior loop measurement, direction and diameter of the bifid mandibular canal were all evaluated. Statistical analysis was done. Results: In 51 hemimandibles, the mandibular canal was found to be corticalized, whereas in 21.59% (n = 19), the mandibular canal was visible. In the remaining 20.45% (n = 18) of the study participants, the mandibular canal was not visualized. In the submandibular gland fossa region, diminished trabeculation was seen in 55.68% of the evaluated radiographs, whereas trabeculation was not seen at all in the remaining 23.86% of the subjects. A significant correlation was seen in decreased trabeculation of submandibular gland fossa and absence of the mandibular canal (P value < 0.001). The bifid mandibular canal was seen in 19.31% of the study participants (n = 17) with a mean width of 3.12 ± 1.1 mm. Extension of the anterior loop of the mental nerve was seen as up to 2 mm in majority participants in 67.04% individuals (n = 59). Conclusion: The present study suggests that panoramic radiographs are a reliable tool for assessment of the mandibular canal and associated anatomical variations associated with it.

Background: The Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the cranium, which is used as a rough indicator of the size of brain. Craniometric study is an important fractions of anthropometry that can be employed in thedetermination of cranial study of an individual. Cranial capacity like several bodily dimensions are affected by environmental, ecological, biological, geographical, racial, gender and age factors. Methods: The study will constitute 60 dried human skulls belonging to both sexes in the department of Anatomy, at Indira Gandhi Institute of medical sciences, Patna. And help of other medical college patna city. The skull was placed on the rubber ring and the length of the skull was measured from glabella to inion, breadth by the distance between the two parietal eminences above zygomatic arch and the height from the basion [anterior margin of foramen magnum in the median plane) to bregma by spreading caliper and measuring tape respectively. Conclusion: The mean, SD of cranial length, cranial breadth and cranial height of both male and female skulls are mentioned in the table: 6. The mean cranial capacity and SD in male and female skulls were 1275.33cc +/- 124.68cc and 1213cc +/- 138.66cc respectively by direct method and 1344cc +/- 106cc and 1276cc +/- 68cc respectively by calculatedmethod. There was a significant difference between genders (p <0.001).The mean, SD of cranial length, cranial breadth and cranial height of male skulls were more compared to female skulls. In the present study, the significant difference isfound in the cranial capacities of male and female skulls. Keywords: Skull, Cranial capacity.