Citric acid is one of the important commercially produced organic acid. The aim of the present work was to study the utilization of pre-treated sugar cane bagasse for citric acid production using Aspergillus niger under solid state fermentation. The maximum value of citric acid was observed in acid treated substrate followed by urea and heat respectively. Fermentation conditions were also optimized and maximum production of citric acid occurred when the pH, Initial moisture content and temperature of the fermentation medium were 5, 65 per cent and 30 0 C, respectively. As a globally required organic acid for various industrial applications, citric acid can be produced at large scale by utilizing pre-treated agro residues such as sugarcane bagasse. Application of agro residues in the production of value added product can be a positive step towards agricultural waste management.

SUMMARY :The objectives of this paper were to illustrate the distribution and levels of sediment contamination by heavy metals in the Allahabad city, and to compare recent data with those collected during the early 2001. The metals as, Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Pb, Co, Ni and Zn were chosen because of their abundance and toxic effects in the environment of highly industrialized and urbanized areas. The pollutants, which do not remain in water column or solution, could be absorbed rapidly by particulate matters and thereby they also could escape any detection by water monitoring schemes (Meiggs, 1980). Some heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb were determined in water from four reaches of the river from Yamuna (river-km 1112) upstream from Sangam to Arail Ghat (riverkm 851) downstream from Allahabad.HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE : Naushad, Syed Suaib, Lall, Alok Milton and Charan, Amit Alexander (2014). Determination of heavy metals in water of Ganga and Yamuna river basin in Allahabad. Asian J. Environ. Sci., 9(2): 106-108.

Pollution of water sources due to chemicals plays a primary role in the destruction of ecosystems but chemical analyses alone may not suffice to describe the adverse effects of the complex mixtures of chemicals present at contaminated sites. The potential utility of biomarkers for monitoring both environmental quality and the health of organisms inhabiting in the polluted ecosystems has received increasing attention during the last years. In the present investigation, the antioxidant profile of Clarias batrachus, a fresh water fish was determined by evaluation of antioxidant enzymes, SOD activity, catalase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione-S-transferase activity, reduced glutathione, level of conjugated dienes, hydrogen peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde level. The studies showed that in fishes after exposure to phenolic compounds (treated group), there was a significant abnormal level of all the parameters as mentioned above at P<0.05 in comparison to normal (untreated group).

The following plants were screened for thew study viz., Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) which were traditionally used in India to treat various diseases. In evaluating antioxidant property and phytochemical analysis, all three plants were screened for antifungal activity. It was evaluated using Well diffusion method. The extracts were tested against fungus Aspergillus niger. Inhibition of fungal growth was investigated using PDA well diffusion method. The contents of total flavonoid compounds in crude methanolic and ethanolic extracts obtained from Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Asparagus racemosus leaves.

-glucosidase is a remarkable enzyme in the field of enzyme technology. Firstly, it helps in producing ethanol from the plant waste and subsequently helps to cope up the oil crisis as well as in alcohol based industries. Secondly, it improves the taste and aroma of wine, tea and fruits. In the present study -glucosidase was isolated from different plant parts of maize (Zea mays) and specific activity was estimated. The maximum crude enzyme was found in coleoptile (2.86ml) and maximum specific activity was estimated in thumb leaf (lower most leaf) as 43.446 whereas maximum protein was found in second leaf blade (9.241 mg/ml).