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pesticides residue poses serious concerns to human health. the present study was carried out to determine the pesticide residues of peri-urban bovine milk (n = 1183) from five different sites (Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Ludhiana and Udaipur) in India and dietary exposure risk assessment to adults and children. pesticide residues were estimated using gas chromatography with flame thermionic and electron capture detectors followed by confirmation on gas chromatographymass spectrometer. The results noticed the contamination of milk with hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, ethion and profenophos pesticides. the residue levels in some of the milk samples were observed to be higher than the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticide. Milk samples contamination was found highest in Bhubaneswar (11.2%) followed by Bangalore (9.3%), Ludhiana (6.9%), Udaipur (6.4%) and Guwahati (6.3%). The dietary risk assessment of pesticides under two scenarios i.e. lower-bound scenario (LB) and upper-bound (UB) revealed that daily intake of pesticides was substantially below the prescribed acceptable daily intake except for fipronil in children at UB. The non-cancer risk by estimation of hazard index (HI) was found to be below the target value of one in adults at all five sites in India. However, for children at the UB level, the HI for lindane, DDT and ethion exceeded the value of one in Ludhiana and Udaipur. Cancer risk for adults was found to be in the recommended range of United States environment protection agency (USEPA), while it exceeded the USepA values for children.

Low‐cholesterol ghee with 90% less cholesterol was prepared using β‐cyclodextrin. The physico‐chemical properties such as Reichert‐Meissl (RM) value, Polenske value, Butyro‐refractometer (BR) reading at 40°C, Iodine value and free fatty acids (FFA) as oleic acid in cow standard ghee and the corresponding low‐cholesterol ghee remained almost unaltered. A similar trend was also observed in buffalo ghee. Fat soluble vitamins (β‐carotene, A and E) in both cow and buffalo low‐cholesterol ghee were very similar to that of respective standard ghee samples. However, 65 to 70% loss of vitamin D was observed in low‐cholesterol ghee.