Background and Purpose: There is a continuous rise in the prevalence of adolescent obesity and incidence of stroke among young adults in many Western countries, but the association between them is unclear. Methods: A nationwide population-based study of 1 900 384 Israeli adolescents (58% men; mean age, 17.3 years) who were evaluated before mandatory military service during 1985 and 2013. Body mass index was classified according to the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention percentiles. Primary outcome was a first stroke event as recorded by the Israeli National Stroke Registry between 2014 and 2018. Cox proportional hazard models were applied. Results: There were 1088 first stroke events (921 ischemic and 167 hemorrhagic; mean diagnosis age, 41.0 years). Adolescent body mass index was significantly associated with a graded increase in the risk for any stroke, ischemic stroke, but less so with hemorrhagic stroke. The hazard ratios for the first ischemic stroke event were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2–1.6), 2.0 (95% CI, 1.6–2.4), and 3.4 (95% CI, 2.7–4.3) for the 50th to 84th percentile, overweight and obese groups, respectively, after adjustment for sex, age, and sociodemographic confounders with the 5th to 49th body mass index percentile group as the reference. The respective hazard ratios after further adjustment for diabetes status were 1.3 (1.1–1.5), 1.6 (1.3–2.0), and 2.4 (1.9–3.1). Results persisted when the cohort was divided by diabetes status and when ischemic stroke before age 30 was the outcome. Conclusions: High adolescent body mass index was associated with ischemic stroke in young adults with or without diabetes. The rising prevalence of adolescent obesity may increase the future burden of stroke in young adults.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed health-care systems worldwide, and medical care for other acute diseases was negatively impacted. We aimed to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on admission rates and in-hospital care for acute stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in Israel, shortly after the start of the pandemic. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted a retrospective observational study, based on data reported to the Israeli National Stroke Registry from 7 tertiary hospitals. All hospital admissions for acute stroke or TIA that occurred between January 1 and April 30, 2020 were included. Data were stratified into 2 periods according to the timing of COVID-19 restrictions as follows: (1) “pre-pandemic” – January 1 to March 7, 2020 and (2) “pandemic” – March 8 to April 30, 2020. We compared the weekly counts of hospitalizations between the 2 periods. We further investigated changes in demographic characteristics and in some key parameters of stroke care, including the percentage of reperfusion therapies performed, time from hospital arrival to brain imaging and to thrombolysis, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 2,260 cases were included: 1,469 in the pre-COVID-19 period and 791 in the COVID-19 period. Hospital admissions significantly declined between the 2 periods, by 48% for TIA (rate ratio [RR] = 0.52; 95% CI 0.43–0.64) and by 29% for stroke (RR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.64–0.78). No significant changes were detected in demographic characteristics and in most parameters of stroke management. While the percentage of reperfusion therapies performed remained unchanged, the absolute number of patients treated with reperfusion therapies seemed to decrease. Higher in-hospital mortality was observed only for hemorrhagic stroke. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The marked decrease in admissions for acute stroke and TIA, occurring at a time of a relatively low burden of COVID-19, is of great concern. Public awareness campaigns are needed as patients reluctant to seek urgent stroke care are deprived of lifesaving procedures and secondary prevention treatments.

Background Communication between health authorities and healthcare providers is an essential element of the response to public health emergencies. Although call centers can facilitate such communication, no published reports describing their outcomes exist. In advance of the expected COVID-19 outbreak in Israel, the Israel Center for Disease Control established a call center dedicated to queries from healthcare professionals. Methods The call center operated from February 5, 2020 (week 6) to May 14, 2020 (week 20). Data on calls received, including date and time, caller characteristics, questions and responses were recorded in a database designed for this purpose. The volume, sources and content of queries were analyzed. Results In 15 weeks of operation, the call center responded to 6623 calls. The daily number of calls ranged from 1 to 371 (mean 79.8, median 40), peaking on week 12, 2 weeks prior to a peak in new COVID-19 cases. Callers were predominantly physicians (62.4%), nurses (18.7%) and administrators (4.4%). Most worked in primary care clinics (74.2%) or hospitals (8.7%). Among physicians, 42.3% were family physicians or internists, and 10.0% were pediatricians. The issues most commonly addressed were home quarantine (21.6%), criteria for suspected cases (20.6%), and SARS-CoV2 testing (14.1%). Twenty-five percent of questions involved requests for clarifications of MOH guidelines regarding travel restrictions, clinic management, triage of symptomatic patients, routine medical and dental care, recommended precautions for health care workers with preexisting medical conditions, and other matters. A total of 119 queries were not resolved on the basis of existing guidelines and were referred to MOH headquarters. Conclusions This is the first report of a call center established to serve the needs of healthcare providers seeking guidance on COVID-19 management, and to facilitate communication of providers’ concerns to the central health authority. Our work indicates that a central call center for healthcare providers can facilitate the development, implementation and amendment of guidelines and should be an integral element of the early response to public health emergencies. Real-time analysis of the call data may reveal important trends requiring prompt attention.

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BACKGROUND: Adult hypertension is a well-established risk factor for stroke in young adults (aged <55 years), and the effects are even more deleterious than at an older age. However, data are limited regarding the association between adolescent hypertension and the risk of stroke in young adulthood. METHODS: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study of adolescents (aged 16–19 years) who were medically evaluated before compulsory military service in Israel during 1985 to 2013. For each candidate for service, hypertension was designated after constructed screening, and the diagnosis was confirmed through a comprehensive workup process. The primary outcome was ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke incidence as registered at the national stroke registry. Cox proportional-hazards models were used. We conducted sensitivity analyses by excluding people with a diabetes diagnosis at adolescence or a new diabetes diagnosis during the follow-up period, analysis of adolescents with overweight, and adolescents with baseline unimpaired health status. RESULTS: The final sample included 1 900 384 adolescents (58% men; median age, 17.3 years). In total, 1474 (0.08%) incidences of stroke (1236 [84%] ischemic) were recorded, at a median age of 43 (interquartile range, 38–47) years. Of these, 18 (0.35%) occurred among the 5221 people with a history of adolescent hypertension. The latter population had a hazard ratio of 2.4 (95% CI, 1.5–3.9) for incident stroke after adjustment for body mass index and baseline sociodemographic factors. Further adjustment for diabetes status yielded a hazard ratio of 2.1 (1.3–3.5). We found similar results when the outcome was ischemic stroke with a hazard ratio of 2.0 (1.2–3.5). Sensitivity analyses for overall stroke, and ischemic stroke only, yielded consistent findings. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent hypertension is associated with an increased risk of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke, in young adulthood.