Patients with β -TM exhibit a number of immunological abnormalities, the most significant of which is the impairment of neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic and killing capabilities as well as the release of certain cytokines. our study aims to assess the levels of serum IL-33, zinc, copper, and ferritin in patients with thalassemia who are dependent on transfusions and receiving iron chelation therapy. the case-control study was performed on 180 persons (120 of β -TM patients with ages ranging from 5 to 20 years and 60 of control group) of similar age and sex were also examined as a control group. By using spectrophotometry, the levels of serum iron, zinc, and copper were determined, and serum IL-33 and ferritin levels were measured by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. An independent sample t-test was utilized for statistical analysis. The mean serum zinc, transferrin, TIBC and UIBC level was significantly (p<0.01) lower and serumIL-33, ferritin, iron and TS% level was significantly (p<0.01) higher in β -TM patients compared to control group. No significant difference in serum Cu between patients and control. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive connection was found between serum IL-33 levels and age, BMI, ferritin, TS%, Fe, and Cu (r = (0.701**), (0.457**), (0.649**), (0.627**), (0.488**), and (0.624**). also, serum levels IL-33 were found to be negatively correlated with TIBC, UIBC, Transferrin, and Zn, r = (-0.549**), (-0.643**), (-0.549**) and (-0.486**) respectively. In summary, we find that IL-33 is a novel inflammatory marker of the patients with β-TM.

Background: Beta-thalassemia is among the most common groups of recessively inherited disorders worldwide of hemoglobin production which produce by the reduction or absence of the globin chain. Adropin is a protein that plays an important role in metabolic and energy hemostasis and insulin resistance. to examinate the serum level of serum adropin in patients with β-thalassemia major and evaluate of correlation between adropin with insulin resistance and other clinical biomarkers. Materials and Methods: hundred and twenty patients with βthalassemia major and sixty healthy control groups were involved in the present study. The patients were classified into males (n = 55) and females (n = 65), whereas control groups were divided into two subgroups, males (n = 29) and females (n = 55). Serum adropin level, BMI, CRP, ferritin, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, iron, TIBC, UBIC, TS and transferrin for both patient and control groups were estimated. Results: Serum adropin, HOMA-β, TIBC, UIBC and transferrin demonstrated a significant decrease in patients with β-thalassemia major as compared with healthy individuals (0.72 ± 0.24 vs.1.23 ± 0.25, P<0.001), (3.86 ± 1.72 vs. 6.56 ± 2.42, P<0.001), (55.01 ± 5.85 vs 68.15 ± 12.26, P<0.001), (21.02 ± 7.22 vs 44.15 ± 12.29, P<0.001) and (39 ± 4.13, 48.32 ± 8.69, P<0.001) respectively, whereas BMI, CRP, ferritin, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, iron and TS exhibited significant higher value than control groups. The correlation between serum adropin demonstrated a significantly negative correlation with age (r = -0.807), BMI (r = -0.421), CRP (r = -0.197), ferritin (r = -0.504), serum glucose (r = -0.635), insulin (r = -0.418), HOMA-IR (r = -0.551), iron (r = -0.571) and TS (r = -0.605), while revealed a significantly positive correlation with HOMA-β (r = 0.364), TBIC (r = 0.296), UIBC (r = 0.553) and transferrin (r = 0.266). Conclusion: The present study showed that the serum level of adropin in patients with β-thalassemia major was significantly lower than in control groups. These findings suggest that adropin may be a potential biomarker for predicting the risk of complications since the decreasing of serum adropin might play an important role in the development of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, kidney dysfunction, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases in these patients.