The discharge of unsafe colour dyes into the effluents of various industries can harm the environment and human health and therefore needs remediation. The current research assesses the environmental friendly decontamination of the Alizarin Red S (ARS) dye from industrial aqueous effluents by powder bark of a low-cost and indigenous plant, Ficus religiosa, as a biosorbent. The biosorbent was processed, powdered, and then characterized via SEM and FTIR spectroscopy before and after exposure to ARS. For maximum dye-decontamination of industrial effluents, adsorption parameters including dosage of the biosorbent, contact time between the dye and the biosorbent, shaking time and temperature of the adsorption process were optimized. SEM images confirmed the presence of high surface area active binding sites and FTIR analysis shows that the adsorption of ARS on the adsorbent is due to groups like -OH, ─NH, ─CH, C=O and C=C. The kinetics study of the adsorption follows pseudo-second order kinetic model. Best fit isotherm to the equilibrium data was obtained for Langmuir and Freundlich models. The decontamination ARS from aqueous phase by the adsorption process could be an inexpensive and viable way of protecting humans from carcinogenicity, DNA mutagenicity, jaundices, allergies and skin irritations.

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State estimation is vital to the stability of control systems, especially in power systems, which rely heavily on measurement devices installed throughout wide-area power networks. Several researchers have analyzed the problems arising from bad data injection and topology errors, and have proposed protection and mitigation schemes. This chapter employs hierarchical state estimation based on the common weightedleast-squares formulation to study the propagation of faults in intermediate and top-level state estimates as a result of measurement reordering attacks on a single region in the bottom level. Although power grids are equipped with modern defense mechanisms such as those recommended by the ISO/IEC 62351 standard, reordering attacks are still possible. This chapter concentrates on how an inexpensive data swapping attack in one region in the lower level can influence the accuracy of other regions in the same level and upper levels, and force the system towards undesirable states. The results are validated using the IEEE 118-bus test case.