Background and Objective: The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization varies in different regions of the world. This disorder leads to susceptibility to development of complications and hence timely management is mandatory. This study was designed to determine the frequency of molar incisor hypomineralization in children presenting to dental out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.Methods: It was a cross sectional descriptive study carried out at Ibn-Sina Hospital Multan, Pakistan. A total of 300 subjects including children and adolescents presenting to the outdoors were included. The detailed dental examination was carried out by two expert dentists for diagnosis of molar incisor hypomineralization. Data regarding risk factors was collected by administering a standardized and validated questionnaire to the parents about prenatal and post-natal risk factors.Results: A total of 3.33% children were diagnosed with molar incisor hypomineralization. Male to female ratio was 1:1.3. There was no significant difference with respect to gender. The mean teeth affected per child were 2.1 ± 07. Risk factors found in the study population were asthma, history of typhoid and measles, and frequent antibiotic use. Conclusion:Molar incisor hypomineralization is quite less frequent in general population with no gender predominance. Pre and post-natal factors effect its development that requires timely management strategies by dental specialists.

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases among children around the world. It has a complex aetiology and different factors like sugar intake, brushing habits, body mass index, and socio-economic status may play a significant role. Apart from dental pain, caries affects children&rsquo;s over all body functions, body growth, and pose a financial burden on families. The objective of the study was to determine the association between sugar intake and dental decay among local paediatric population.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ibn-e-Sina Hospital Multan, Pakistan from July, 2019 to December, 2019. Data were collected on a specifically designed questionnaire. A total of 540 participants of age range between 5 and 12 years were selected for this study after taking consent from their parents. The data were analysed using statistical tests of significance.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>Female children were predominantly affected as compared to males (56.7% vs. 43.3%) caries was seen more frequently in children brushing teeth once than those doing it twice (p = 0.01). Children taking cariogenic food between meals and 2 hours before sleep showed a significant association with caries development (p = 0.02; p = 0.01). Primary teeth were affected more (74.18%) than the secondary teeth (11.92%).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Irregular brushing habits and frequency and timing of cariogenic food intake are the leading causes of caries in children from local population.</p>