Spleen is a vital organ of the lymphatic system and it provides immunity against infections, the spleen in affected people may be large. To diagnose small or infarcted spleen and splenomegaly, the splenic size must be determined. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the ratio of the spleen to the left kidney for the detection of mild splenomegaly. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted at the private health care center in Sialkot. Data were collected during three months from January 2022 to March 2022 after informed consent. This study included 101 school-going children ranging in age from 8 to 15 years, all of whom had normal spleen and kidneys. A SonoAce 100 ultrasound machine with a 3.5MHz convex transducer was used to measure the length of the spleen and left kidney. Results: This study included 101 subjects with 54 boys and 47 girls. Children were in the range of 8-15 years. The mean age was 11.11±2.16 years, the mean height was 134.2±12.69 cm, and the mean weight of the subjects was 34.5±10.36 Kg. The mean of spleen length was 9.67±1.25 cm, the mean of kidney length was 8.69±1.16cm and the mean S/K ratio was 1.1±0.07. The mean of spleen and left kidney length was almost the same in both genders while the S/K ratio for boys (1.13±0.08) was greater than for girls (1.08±0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the minimum and maximum values of the S/K ratio were 0.94 and 1.3 respectively. Splenomegaly should be suspected in those subjects whose ratio of the spleen to left kidney exceeds 1.3 without kidney disorders. Boys had a greater S/K ratio as compared to girls.

The second leading cause of death is breast cancer and annual mammograms have been found to incite the early identification of breast cancer.The diagnosis of cancer at initial stage is helpful in lowering the mortality rate. The most prevalent pathologies of breast cancer are swelling, cysts, and adenosis, and benign or malignant tumors. Objective: To evaluate Breast Lesions Using Mammography.Method: It was a cross-sectional study comprised of a sample size of 47 female patients, calculated via a convenient sampling approach. Women with age of 29 years and above were included in this study. The study was performed in Faisalabad, Pakistan from December 2021 to March 2022. The digital mammographic equipment was used in this study and data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results: The majority 33(70.2%) patients were included in 30-49 years age group while least were  2(4.3%) in 70 and above. The ill-defined shape tumors were 18 (38.3%) and the the microlobulated shaped tumors were 1(2.1%). The tumors with well-defined margin were 17(36.2%) and tumors with ill-defined margin were 1(2.1%). The tumors without calcification were 31(66%) and the calcified tumors were 16(34%). The tumors with involvement of lymph nodes were 30(63.8) and tumors with single  lymph node involved were 1( 2.1%) Conclusion: A mammogram is necessary for determining the stage of breast cancer. A mammogram can be very useful to determine the location and shape of the lesion for demonstrating a lesion's radiographic features.