Translation of poetry is a hard nut to crack. Especially, when it is loaded with cultural connotations. Beyond any doubt, translation demands linguistic and cultural skills from a translator to express meanings. Hence, the process of translation becomes challenging when both the source language and the target language belong to two different language families. The present study explores the linguistic challenges faced by translators when translating Faiz Ahmad Faiz’s Urdu poetry into English. The researchers have found that translating Urdu metaphorical expressions and compound words used in Faiz’s Urdu poetry is near to impossible as these expressions are rooted in specific cultural, social, political and historical backgrounds.

Translation of poetry is a hard nut to crack. It demands specific expertise of a translator both in source language text and target language text. This process of translation becomes challenging when both the source language and the target language belong to two different language families. The present study has tried to explore the reasons and elements of difficulty faced by translators while translating Faiz Ahmad Faiz's Urdu poetry into English. A comparative analysis of data has been made after Lefevere's types of translations. The researcher has found that translating Urdu metaphorical expressions and compound words used in Faiz's Urdu poetry is near to impossible as these expressions have specific cultural, social, political and historical background

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Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) is proliferating like anything in our lives. Communication theorists have been exploring its various dimensions; however, CMC grammar appears to be a less attempted area. The concept of CMC grammar seems to be an emerging phenomenon in mediated- communication. To explore this phenomenon, the present study sets out to investigate the identified forms of CMC grammar of students at graduate level in Pakistan. A sample of 50 BS students was chosen to address the core research questions. The data was collected primarily from the verbal postings of the participants from facebook walls of selected students. To avoid superficiality, the study was backed by imperial findings and factual details. The study reveals that English Grammar is subject to reduction and simplification in computer mediated-communication. The elements of reduction and simplification can be characterised by subject omission, copula deletion and absence of auxiliaries in progressive and interrogative situation. These features are so widespread that they are increasingly getting stable and intelligible across the board. The study speculates that ever- increasing proliferation of these features signposts a unique grammar which is the central investigation of this study.

This study grows out of the absence of literature on an in‐depth understanding of dissertation‐writing challenges, facilitating strategies, and causes to develop a more profound understanding of Pakistani doctoral students. This is primarily qualitative research. One of the largest private universities was selected as a case to collect the data. The data were based on 12 Pakistani doctoral dissertations, 49 evaluation reports from 13 countries, mainly from the state‐run universities, and a survey questionnaire responded to by 12 PhD graduates. The data were codified for commonly emerging categories and themes based on the methodological approach of Clarke and Braun (2017). The data revealed that the doctoral students faced challenges concerning mechanics of writing, developing an argument in a coherent whole, and structural organization of the dissertation. The examiners recommended the doctoral students to copyedit/proofread the dissertation to overcome mechanics of writing problems, build the argument logically, use formal language, write transition sentences to knit the texts coherently, embed citations to support the claims, and uniform the structure of the dissertation. Five causes of writing difficulties emerged from the survey questions. Despite a mismatch between the academic resources and research support provided to Pakistani doctoral students, their research work is deemed par with foreign universities, which encourage native‐like English. It is hoped that this study will help doctoral students improve their dissertation‐writing quality.