Background Hepatitis B infection seriously threatens global public health, especially in developing nations. Despite several investigations on HBV incidence, the national pooled prevalence remains unknown, particularly in populations at-risk at whom interventions should be primarily aimed. Methods A comprehensive literature search of the following databases: Medline [PubMed], Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. I-squared and Cochran's Q were used to measure the heterogeneity between the studies. Publications that matched the following were included: Primary studies published in Egypt from 2000 to 2022 reported HBV prevalence based on HBsAg. We excluded any studies that were not performed on Egyptians or that were performed on patients suspected of acute viral hepatitis or studies focusing on occult hepatitis or vaccination evaluation studies, or national surveys. Results The systematic review included 68 eligible studies reporting a total of 82 incidences of HBV infection based on hepatitis B surface antigen with a total sample size of 862,037. The pooled national prevalence among studies was estimated to be 3.67% [95% CI; 3: 4.39]. Children under 20 with a history of HBV vaccination during infancy had the lowest prevalence of 0.69%. The pooled prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women, blood donors, and healthcare workers was 2.95%, 1.8%, and 1.1%, respectively. While patients with hemolytic anemia and hemodialysis patients, patients with malignancies, HCC patients, and chronic liver disease patients had the highest prevalences at 6.34%, 25.5%, 18.6%, and 34%, respectively. Studies reporting HBV prevalence in urban settings compared to rural settings revealed a similar HBV prevalence of 2.43% and 2.15%, respectively. Studies comparing HBV prevalence in males and females revealed a higher prevalence among males (3.75%) than females (2.2%). Conclusion In Egypt, hepatitis B infection is a significant public health issue. The blocking of mother-to-infant hepatitis B transmission, the scaling up of the scope of the existing vaccination program, and implementing new strategies, including screen-and-treat, may reduce the prevalence of the disease.

Background Previous meta-analyses estimating the prevalence of the post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) were confounded by the lack of negative control groups. This may result in an overestimation of the prevalence of those experiencing PCC, as these symptoms are non-specific and common in the general population. In this study, we aimed to compare the burden of persistent symptoms among COVID-19 survivors relative to COVID-19-negative controls. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using the following databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus) until July 2023 for comparative studies that examined the prevalence of persistent symptoms in COVID-19 survivors. Given that many of the symptoms among COVID-19 survivors overlap with post-hospitalization syndrome and post-intensive care syndrome, we included studies that compare the prevalence of persistent symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 patients relative to non-COVID-19 hospitalized patients and in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients relative to healthy controls that reported outcomes after at least three months since infection. The results of the meta-analysis were reported as odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval based on the random effects model. Results Twenty articles were included in this study. Our analysis of symptomatology in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to negative controls revealed that the majority of symptoms examined were not related to COVID-19 infection and appeared equally prevalent in both cohorts. However, non-COVID-19 hospitalized patients had higher odds of occurrence of certain symptoms like anosmia, ageusia, fatigue, dyspnea, and brain fog (P < 0.05). Particularly, anosmia and ageusia showed substantially elevated odds relative to the negative control group at 11.27 and 9.76, respectively, P < 0.05. In contrast, analysis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to those hospitalized for other indications did not demonstrate significantly higher odds for the tested symptoms. Conclusions The persistent symptoms in COVID-19 survivors may result from hospitalization for causes unrelated to COVID-19 and are commonly reported among the general population. Although certain symptoms exhibited higher odds in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients relative to controls, these symptoms are common post-viral illnesses. Therefore, the persistent symptoms after COVID-19 may not be unique to SARS-CoV-2. Future studies including well-matched control groups when investigating persistent symptoms in COVID-19 survivors are warranted to draw a firm conclusion.

Headache pain, anxiety, and Fatigue are recognized as one of the most common and distressing adverse effects among patients with brain tumors. Aim was to evaluate the effect of the nurse-led intervention on headache pain, anxiety, and fatigue level among patients with brain tumors. Subjects and method: Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used to fulfill the aim of this study. Setting: the research was conducted in the neurosurgery department at Mansoura University Hospital. Subjects: A purposive sample of 50 adult patients was included. Four tools were used: Tool (I) a structured interview questionnaire (II) a numerical pain rating scale, (III) a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Tool (IV) a Fatigue assessment scale. Results: The current study revealed that there was a highly statistically significant difference and reductions in headache pain mean scores post-nurse-led intervention at (P= <0.05). Also, the study demonstrated that there was a highly statistically significant difference in anxiety scores post-nurse-led intervention with (P= <0.001). Highly statistically significant differences and reductions were detected between fatigue mean scores pre and post-nurse-led intervention with (P= <0.001). Conclusion: The nurse-led intervention had a positive effect on headache pain, anxiety, and fatigue level among patients with brain tumors. Recommendations: The nurse-led intervention regarding brain tumors should be conducted, discussed, and integrated into the rehabilitation programs.

Hemodialysis patients are prone to high stress and anxiety levels related to the acute coronavirus epidemic. Aim: To evaluate the effect of web-based education on quality of life and anxiety level among patients undergoing hemodialysis during Covid-19 lockdown. Methods: Subjects and method: Design: Quasi-experimental research design pre-post-test was utilized to achieve the aim of this study. Settings: The study was conducted at Port Said City in Egypt. Sample: Purposive samples of 300 patients undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled in this study during the period of the beginning of june 2020 to end of October 2020. Four tools were used in data collection: (I): A self-administered questionnaire (pre and post-test format) was used to assess the patient's demographic characteristics, medical history, and patient's knowledge about hemodialysis (pre and post-test format); (II): Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS); (III): Quality of Life (QoL) scale, and (IV) Patient's satisfaction regarding web-based education. Results: The present study revealed that there were highly statistically significant differences between patients' knowledge and their anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks pre and post-implementation of the web-based education. Also, Significant improvements in the QoL (p<0.001) were revealed after the implementation of web-based education. Conclusion: the study concluded that web-based education achieved significant improvements in the patient's knowledge and has a positive effect on improving their quality of life and minimizing anxiety levels during the covid-19 lockdown. Recommendations: The Web Based education could be applied and carefully planned for all patients undergoing hemodialysis as a new teaching method for proving health issues. Provision of continuing follow-up education programs are recommended for patients undergoing hemodialysis

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