The economics literature increasingly recognizes the importance of migration. In this paper, a bilateral global migration model is developed to investigate the impact of lifting restrictions on the movement of labour. Quotas on skilled and unskilled labour in the developed economies are increased by 3% of their labour forces, with the additional labour supplied by developing economies. This paper improves upon the previous work of Walmsley and Winters (2005). A critical weakness of the previous work was that it was unable to capture the impacts of specific bilateral migration flows or liberalizations between countries. This paper uses a bilateral global migration model that exploits migration data obtained from Parsons, Skeldon, Winters, and Walmsley (2007) that allow the model to account for bilateral migration flows. The results confirm that restrictions on migration impose significant costs on nearly all countries, with the modest liberalization increasing global GDP by US$ 288 billion. All of the developed (labour importing) economies gain in terms of real incomes. While results differ across the developing (labour exporting) economies, most gain as a result of the higher remittances sent home.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 100 million people causing over 2.4 million deaths over the world, and it is still expanding. Although, ACE2 has been identified as the principal host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV, and it is thought to play a critical role in the virus's entrance into the cell and subsequent infection, many cells can be infected by COVID-19 while also expressing little or no ACE2. Unlike other viral infections, COVID-19 is characterized by widespread and severe systemic manifestations, immune dysregulation and multi-organ involvement. In addition, the range of serious inflammatory, neuropsychiatric and autoimmune diseases called post-COVID syndromes are now left behind as disease tables. This wide and diverse spectrum of diseases seen in COVID-19 cannot be explained by the mechanism of viral tropism mediated by ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors. It is possible that different receptor and signaling mechanisms that cannot be explained by the viral tropism mechanism play a role in the pathogenesis of acute systemic effects and chronic post-COVID syndromes in COVID-19. It was showed that COVID-19 infection leads to a loss of smell (anosmia) but the COVID-19 entry receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is not expressed in the receptor of olfactory neurons, or its generation is limited to a minor fraction of these neurons. Moreover It was demonstrated that COVID-19 could infect lymphocyte through its ACE2 receptors, but numerous studies found that lymphocytes don't express ACE2 receptors or express it with a little, insufficient amount. It is clear from the information and findings presented and addressed in our article that COVID-19 not only binds to ACE2, but also to additional receptors, leading to more disease lethality and existence of covid-19 symptoms which remain unexplained. As a result, discovering and identifying these receptors could lead to the development of new treatments that could suppress COVID-19 and reduce its severity and pathogenicity. Herein, we insilico discovered that blocking of STRA6 by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein could disrupt the retinoid signaling mechanism and leads to pathogenetic consequences through some other inflammatory pathways.MethodsThe STRA6 receptor protein were submitted to the server for functional interaction associated network between partners for the STRING (Research Online of Interacting Genes/Proteins Data Basis version 10.0)13 .Docking study of each Spike -ACE 2 and STRA6 receptor protein were carried out using HDOCK server (http://hdock.phys.hust.edu.cn/). The binding mode of Spike -ACE 2 and STRA6 receptor protein is retrieved form the PDB https://www.rcsb.org/ with accession number (7DMU , 5sy1)ResultsOur results showed that COVID-19 Spike protein exhibited a high binding affinity for human STRA6 and a low binding energy with it. The docking score of COVID-19 spike protein with STRA6( -354.68) kcal/mol was higher than the docking score of spike protein with ACE2 (-341.21 ) kcal/mol. Spike protein Receptor Binding Domain(RDB) of COVID-19 strongly and efficiently binds to STRA6 receptor, definitely to the RDB vital residues of RBP-binding motif located in STRA6 receptor. The docking of STRA6 target protein with spike viral protein revealed the involvement of the spike protein into the extracellular and membrane part of the STRA6 receptor and amino acids residues of STRA6 along with spike protein which make interactions and play an important role in formation of complexes. The corresponding distances about the residue contacts between proteins STRA6- Spike protein complex are documented here where the STRA6- Spike protein complexes binding site are the RDB of the CHOLESTEROL in STRA6 receptor which bind with interface residue( ARG 511A , VAL 512A THR 515A ALA 516A ASN 519A with interface residue degree (2.965 , 3.595 , 3.286 , 4.592 , and 4.235) representatively, also the ability of the spike to bind to RDB of the STRA 6 protein in the ILE 131C , MET 145C , HIS 86A with interface residue( 4.961 , 4.953 and 3.271) representatively. STRA6- Spike protein complex with PDB ID (5SY1 , 6LZG).ConclusionsSTRA6 is a critical regulator of many biological processes thorough initiating cellular retinol uptake, in different organs and tissues as in immune cells for improving the immune system homeostasis in various populations. Our docking study reveals that COVID-19 spike protein binds directly to the integral membrane receptor (STRA6) in addition to its binding sites of the cholesterol. STRA6 mediates cellular uptake of retinol (vitamin A) by recognizing a molecule of RBP-retinol to trigger release and internalization of retinol . Therefore COVID-19 may leads to downregulation of STRA6 receptor leading to inhibition the regulatory function of retinoic acid and cholesterol helping in existing symptoms and complications including lymhopenia, Nuerogical disorders, Ineffective RIG-I pathway, Interferon inhibition, Cytokine storm, Diabetes, Hormonal imbalance, Thrombosis, and Smell loss. Therefore, we believe that this novel discovery that STRA6 receptor acts as a novel binding receptor for COVID-19 could explain COVID-19 severity and its common symptoms with unknown aetiology . Moreover, retinoic acid metabolism was found to be defective in COVID-19 (cytokine storm), sepsis, ARDS and SIRS .As a result reconstitution of the retinoid signaling may prove to be a valid strategy for COVID-19 management. We suggest that Vitamin A metabolites ,especially, retinoic acid will be promising and effective treatments for COVID-19 infection and its unknown aetiology symptoms. It worth mentioning that aerosolized all- trans retinoic acid and 13 cis retinoic acid is currently under clinical investigation (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05002530, NCT04353180)

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive subtype, representing 15-20% of cases. TNBC lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, making it challenging to treat. This study explores a novel approach by investigating the metabolic pathways in TNBC, focusing on the alkaline glucose isomer, glucosodiene, as a potential therapy. The Warburg effect, discovered in 1924, serves as the basis for this investigation. The case report presents a 42-year-old female patient with TNBC Patient with MRM, Modified radical mastectomy, With axillary clearance., exhibiting a right breast lump with lymph node metastasis. Diagnostic tests confirmed invasive ductal carcinoma GII with negative hormone receptors and HER2/neu. The patient had previously undergone unsuccessful traditional chemotherapy and presented with bone metastasis. Treatment with glucosodiene for 15 days resulted in normal vital functions and no signs of cellular activity. This case study aims to evaluate an individualized treatment plan for TNBC patients and establish effective follow-up protocols. The trial is registered under clinicaltrials.gov number NCT05957939.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 100 million people causing over 2.4 million deaths over the world, and it is still expanding. Given the urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic, the clinical investigation of approved drugs is a promising alternative to find a timely effective treatment. In this randomized trial, we investigated the activity of both oral and aerosolized 13 cis retinoic acid in the treatment of SARS-COV-2 added to standard of care treatment in patients with COVID-19 versus standard of care treatment alone. This was a randomized controlled trial conducted at Kafrelsheikh Universitys Quarantine Hospitals, Egypt. After obtaining informed consent, forty patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group I; 20 patients received aerosolized and oral 13 cis retinoic acid plus standard of care treatment (13 cis RA group) and Group II; 20 patients received only standard care treatment as a control group. The two groups were age and gender matched. There was no statistically significant difference between them in any of the baseline characteristics or laboratory parameters. The results showed that there was a high significant difference between the two groups regarding intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mortality and improvement (P<0.05). Only 10.52 % of patients in the 13 cis retinoic acid group needed ICU admission compared to 28.57 % in the control arm. There was no mortality in the 13 cis retinoic acid group, whereas about 14.35% were died in the group II. All patients who received 13 cis retinoic acid noticed a high improvement (P<0.001), and the mean value for clinical improvement was 16 days. There was no significant difference regarding the laboratory parameters before and after 14 days of treatment in the group of patients received the standard of care treatment (P=0.66). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed overall mortality was significantly related to the patients age, serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, oxygen saturation, the presence of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and abdominal pain. We conclude that 13 cis retinoic acid is a promising drug in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 infection, when added to the standard of care treatment.

Background: Evidence on performance of Rapid Antigen Detection Tests to recognize SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic patients in our context is limited. This study was aimed to evaluate Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device (Abbott Diagnostics, Jena, Germany) in identifying SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison with RT-PCR test. Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was carried out at Margalla Hospital, Taxila from October, 2020 to March, 2021. Three hundred and eighty-two participants of both gender and all ages, symptomatic for 3–4 days were included in this study. For each participant, two nasopharyngeal swabs were collected by trained lab technicians according to SOPs, one for Rapid Antigen Test and other for RT-PCR.Covid-19 antibodies were checked 4-6 weeks after symptoms among 77 randomly selected participants to further evaluate the performance of Rapid Antigen Test. Data was analyzed using SPSS-26. Results: The mean age of the participants was 43.1 years (SD= 15.9). More than half of participants were males (n=213%=55.8) and 169 (44.2%) were females. Sensitivity of Rapid Antigen Test was calculated to be 94.3%, whereas the specificity was 39.7%. Out of 34 RT-PCR negatives that were initially detected positive on Rapid Antigen Test, 33 demonstrated presence of COVID-19 antibodies. Conclusion: Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test was found to have 93.4% overall sensitivity and relatively low overall specificity (37.9%). Rapid antigen testing using Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device can be effectively used to scale up mass testing to interrupt transmissibility of COVID-19 infection by generating quick result.