Abstract:Floods are costly natural disasters that are projected to increase in severity and frequency into the future. Exceedances over a high threshold and analysis of their distributions, as determined through the Peak Over Threshold (POT) method and approximated by a Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD), respectively, are widely used for flood frequency analysis. This study investigates the combined effects of threshold selection and GPD parameter estimation on the accuracy of flood quantile estimates, and develops a new, widely-applicable framework that significantly improves the accuracy of flood quantile estimations. First, the performance of several parameter estimators (i.e., Maximum Likelihood; Probability Weighted Moments; Maximum Goodness of Fit; Likelihood Moment; Modified Likelihood Moment; and Nonlinear Weighted Least Square Error) for the GPD was compared through Monte Carlo simulation. Then, a calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the province of Alberta, Canada, was used to reproduce daily streamflow series for 47 watersheds distributed across the province, and the POT was applied to each. The Goodness of Fit for the resulting flood frequency models was measured by the upper tail Anderson-Darling (AD) test and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and demonstrated improvements for more than one-third of stations by averages of 65% (AD) and 47% (RMSE), respectively.

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Two field experiments were conducted at the Rosetta region, El_Behira Governorate, Egypt, during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons to study the effect of water quality, fulvic acid and seaweed extracts on the yield, its components and quality characters of wheat plant (Giza 168), in split-split plot design with three replications. The main plots included irrigation water quality (Nile water and Agricultural drainage water), while seaweed extracts (control, 50 and 100 g SW/fed) was arranged in the subplot. While fulvic acid application (control, 1, 2 kg FA/fed) occupied the sub-subplot. The results concluded that application of water quality, seaweed extracts and their interaction affected significantly wheat yield and its components, where yield and its components of wheat crop increased with using Nile water (high quality water), or drainage water with foliar application of seaweed extracts (SWE) at the rate of 100 g/fed and soil application of fulvic acid at the rate of 2 kg/fed

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