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BackgroundThe transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis into humans varies according to species/genotypes of the pathogens. Although infections with both parasites are recorded in Egypt, few data are available on the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis genotypes. The present study assessed the occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in Egyptian children.MethodsIn the present study, 585 fecal specimens were collected from children eight years old and younger in three provinces (El-Dakahlia, El-Gharbia and Damietta) during March 2015 to April 2016. PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene and sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene were used to detect and subtype Cryptosporidium spp., respectively, whereas PCR and sequence analyses of the triose phosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes were used to detect and genotype Giardia duodenalis.ResultsThe overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 1.4% and 11.3%, respectively. The Cryptosporidium species identified included C. hominis and C. parvum, each with three subtype families. The C. hominis subtypes were IbA6G3 (n = 2), IdA17 (n = 1), IdA24 (n = 1) and IfA14G1R5 (n = 1), while C. parvum subtypes were IIdA20G1 (n = 1), IIaA15G2R1 (n = 1), and IIcA5G3a (n = 1). The G. duodenalis identified included both assemblages A (n = 31) and B (n = 34). All G. duodenalis assemblage A belonged to the anthroponotic sub-assemblage AII, while a high genetic heterogeneity was seen within assemblage B.ConclusionsData from this study are useful in our understanding of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in Egypt and the potential importance of anthroponotic transmission in the epidemiology of both pathogens.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2981-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This study was carried out to investigate some epidemiological aspects on the occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in cattle, milk and humans at Dakahlia province, Egypt during the period from February 2014 to June 2015. A total of 304 samples including 117 rectal swabs (53 cows and 64 buffaloes) and 85 milk samples (36 cows and 49 buffaloes) sand 102 humans stools were collected and subjected to bacteriological examination by culturing on Columbia Blood Agar (CBA) and biochemically identified. The results showed that the overall occurrence of H. pylori were 21.7% in collected samples. The occurrence in cattle faeces was 18.8% (11.9% in cows and 6.9% in buffaloes). However, the isolation rate from cattle milk was 28.2% (10.5% in cows and 17.7% in buffaloes). Moreover, the frequency distribution of H. pylori from human stool was 19.6%. Concerning animal breed, native breed of cattle and their milk showed higher occurrence (5.2% in cow's faeces, 11.9% in buffalo's faeces, 7% of cow's milk and 17.7% of buffalo's milk). Regarding animal age, the occurrence of H. pylori was increased with increasing age. On the other hand, the frequency distribution of H. pylori was more prevalent in the samples (faeces and milk) collected from Mansoura center. In relation to human samples, with respect to gender, males showed higher isolation rate (11.7%) than females (7.8%).Whereas, frequency of H. pylori in adults (4.9%) was higher than young (1.96%).On the other hand, H. pylori was more frequently isolated from patients (8.8%) with gastrointestinal disorders. Moreover, the occurrence of H. pylori was higher in human samples collected from persons of occupations related to animals such as veterinarians (6.8%), dairy workers, and farmers (3.92% each) than others. It could be concluded that H. pylori could be isolated from cattle, milk and humans with recognizable percentages, suggesting its zoonotic significance and role played by cattle especially buffaloes and its milk as potential reservoir and source of human infection. The zoonotic significance for H. pylori as well as the recommended preventive measures which should be taken to avoid the risk of contamination of milk and human infection were fully discussed. B io lo g y and M e d ic in e

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Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a gram negative spirally shaped bacterium. It is known to be the most common cause of dyspepsia especially in developing countries as Egypt. Aim of work: To identify the prevalence of H pylori among patients with dyspepsia especially farmers and the infection risk factors. Materials and methods: This is a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted on 152 patients (78 farmers and 74 non-farmers) with dyspepsia among those admitted to Gastrointestinal (GI) Endoscopy Unit at Menoufia University hospital, Menoufia, Egypt. They were recruited to this study from 1 st September 2017 to the end of May 2018. Designed questionnaire, clinical examination, esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) and histopathological evaluation were conducted to the studied patients. Results: The overall prevalence rate of H pylori among dyspeptic patients in the current study was (73.7%) and significantly higher among low levels of education (28.6%), female gender (69.6%), farmers occupation (57.1%), low socioeconomic status (28.6%), who consume tap water for drinking (76.8%) and unwashed vegetables (73.2%). Epigastric pain was more common in patients with H pylori (P <0.001). Also, acid reflux, morning vomiting and upper abdominal distention were significantly more prevalent among H pylori positive cases. About (82.1%) of farmers were significantly positively infected than non-farmers (64.9%). Illiterate female farmers who didn't wash vegetables and with history of peptic ulcers were more susceptible of infection. Conclusion: Farmers occupation was at risk of H pylori infection than non-farmers. Illiteracy, bad sanitation and low hygienic standard were the risk factors of infection. Health education and environmental sanitation are recommended to lower the prevalence of H pylori especially among farmers.