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The current study investigated whether children revise their speech (i.e., imitate) or repeat their errors following negative evidence. In addition we examined how children's replies varied as a function of family setting. Fourteen children (2;3) were videotaped interacting with their mothers, fathers and siblings (4;1) in dyad, triad and tetrad settings. Analyses revealed that following recasts children were likely to revise their speech rather than repeat their original error. Without feedback, children repeated their errors. The overall pattern of children's replies following recasts differed considerably from replies following noncorrective speech across family settings. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed in terms of current negative evidence research.

Soft-tissue complications are prevalent in allograft reconstruction of the proximal tibia. Prevention is important as these may progress to deep infection. Careful attention to nutritional (BMI) and immunological status may help in patient selection for allograft reconstruction. If allograft reconstruction is opted for, efforts should focus on optimization of these factors as they proved to be independent predictors of subsequent deep infection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:811-817. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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BACKGROUND: Teen mothers often present with depression, social complexity, and inadequate parenting skills. Many have rapid repeat pregnancy, which increases risk for poor outcomes. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a parenting and life skills intervention for teen mothers aimed at impacting parenting and reproductive outcomes.METHODS: Teen mothers were recruited from a teen-tot clinic with integrated medical care and social services. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive (1) teen-tot services plus 5 interactive parenting and life skills modules adapted from the Nurturing and Ansell-Casey Life Skills curricula, delivered by a nurse and social worker over the infant's first 15 months or (2) teen-tot services alone. A computerized questionnaire was self-administered at intake, 12, 24, and 36 months. Outcomes included maternal self-esteem, parenting attitudes associated with child maltreatment risk, maternal depression, life skills, and repeat pregnancy over a 36-month follow-up. We used generalized linear mixed modeling and logistic regression to examine intervention effects.RESULTS: Of 152 invited, 140 (92%) participated (intervention = 72; control = 68). At 36 months, maternal self-esteem was higher in the intervention group compared with controls (P = .011), with higher scores on preparedness for mothering role (P = .011), acceptance of infant (P = .008), and expected relationship with infant (P = .029). Repeat pregnancy by 36 months was significantly lower for intervention versus control participants. CONCLUSIONS: A brief parenting and/or life skills intervention paired with medical care for teens and their children has positive effects on maternal self-esteem and repeat pregnancy over 36 months.