Use of the immune checkpoint inhibitors, ipilimumab and nivolumab, has revolutionised treatment in patients with metastatic melanoma. However, these drugs can cause an autoimmune enterocolitis, with diarrhoea as the presenting symptom. This is conventionally managed by prompt institution of corticosteroid therapy if moderate diarrhoea (3-6 times/day; grade 2) is present for >5 days or if diarrhoea is severe (>6 times/day; grade 3). We report a case of steroid-dependent ipilimumab-induced colitis successfully treated with vedolizumab (an inhibitor of memory T-cell trafficking to the gut), after which complete withdrawal of corticosteroid was achieved. Hence, vedolizumab warrants further evaluation as a potential novel treatment of ipilimumab-induced colitis.

High pretreatment lactate dehydrogenase is a prognostic marker of survival in both stages of small cell lung cancer. It is also a predictive marker of response to therapy in extensive stage. Larger prospective studies to validate our findings would be beneficial.

Half of PMBC women indicated a preference to NPOS, but only a minority recollected NPOS being discussed. Inconvenience with monthly goserelin is the main driver toward a preference of favouring NPOS. Clarification from larger trials that research patients' decision process and preferences regarding ovarian suppression is needed to validate our findings.

Trastuzumab has significantly improved the median survival of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. In metastatic disease, maintenance trastuzumab is usually given after tumour response has been achieved with the combination of chemotherapy and trastuzumab, with the aim of prolonging time to disease progression. We report a case where a durable complete response (CR) was achieved without maintenance trastuzumab. In the absence of consensus guidelines, it is difficult to recommend which HER2-positive patients with metastatic breast cancer after CR will benefit from withdrawing maintenance trastuzumab therapy and when this could be considered.

Pembrolizumab is an approved first-line systemic therapy for unresectable metastatic melanoma. Despite the achievement of complete and durable responses in a small subgroup of patients, it is standard practice that pembrolizumab therapy continues beyond complete response. Nevertheless, the incidence of immune-related toxicities gradually increases with continuing pembrolizumab therapy. We report a case highlighting the occurrence of serious induced immune-related adverse events, which were attributed to pembrolizumab in a patient with metastatic melanoma who obtained a complete response (CR) after receiving pembrolizumab for a total of 6.5 months. Although mild pembrolizumab-related toxicity persists, the patient remains disease-free 5.5 months after discontinuation of pembrolizumab. Accordingly, we believe that cessation of pembrolizumab should be considered in patients who achieve a CR because of the ongoing risk of toxicity with extended pembrolizumab administration.