The quality of life for dogs with osteoarthritis can often be improved with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); however, the number of adverse drug events associated with NSAID use reported to the Federal Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine is higher than that for any other companion animal drug. Of those events, adverse renal reactions are the second most reported. NSAIDs produce pharmacologic effects via inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), which decreases production of prostanoids. Prostaglandins are synthesized by both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in the healthy kidney and influence renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, renin release, and Na excretion. There are important species differences in the renal expression of COX-1 and COX-2. For example, dogs have higher basal levels of COX-2 expression in the kidney compared with humans. In addition, in dogs with chronic kidney disease, an increase in COX-2 expression occurs and synthesis of prostaglandins shifts to the COX-2 pathway. For those reasons, NSAIDs that target COX-2 may be expected to adversely affect renal function in dogs, especially dogs with chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the literature to report the renal effects of NSAIDs in dogs.

Tepoxalin may be used, with appropriate monitoring, in dogs with International Renal Interest Society stage 2 or 3 CKD and osteoarthritis.

As Australia moves toward decarbonisation across all of its sectors, the production and use of clean hydrogen have emerged as a clear alternative. It is versatile, storable, transportable and, ultimately, a fuel source that is carbon free. Funding and policy announcements across State and Federal Governments for the hydrogen industry have built momentum in recent years, with projects already underway to address new uses for hydrogen, which are looking to improve the economics of production to meet the expected future demand not only here in Australia but also internationally. So, how can Australia lead the global shift to hydrogen and what is the regulatory and fiscal infrastructure needed to drive the development of the hydrogen industry in Australia? The key issues to be considered include the following: The need for government funding for development of the future uses of hydrogen to help build confidence and stimulate investment across the supply chain to enable commercialisation; Establishing an attractive investment environment for projects in Australia – not only the production of hydrogen but also for the supply chain infrastructure; Development of a certification scheme and Australia’s role in setting regional and/or international standards and Policy settings, including the necessary regulatory and fiscal reforms, relevant to support the period of transition to green hydrogen.

No abstract