When anthropometric methods were introduced into clinical practice to quantify changes in the craniofacial framework, features distinguishing various races/ethnic groups were discovered. To treat congenital or post-traumatic facial disfigurements in members of these groups successfully, surgeons require access to craniofacial databases based on accurate anthropometric measurements. Normative data of facial measurements are indispensable to precise determination of the degree of deviations from the normal. The set of anthropometric measurements of the face in the population studied was gathered by an international team of scientists. Investigators in the country of the given ethnic group, experienced and/or specially trained in anthropometric methods, carried out the measurements. The normal range in each resultant database was then established, providing valuable information about major facial characteristics. Comparison of the ethnic groups' databases with the established norms of the North America whites (NAW) offered the most suitable way to select a method for successful treatment. The study group consisted of 1470 healthy subjects (18 to 30 years), 750 males and 720 females. The largest group (780 subjects, 53.1%) came from Europe, all of them Caucasians. Three were drawn from the Middle-East (180 subjects, 12.2%), five from Asia (300 subjects, 20.4%) and four from peoples of African origin (210 subjects, 14.3%). Their morphological characteristics were determined by 14 anthropometric measurements, 10 of them used already by classic facial artists, Leonardo da Vinci and Albrecht Dürer, complemented by four measurements from the nasal, labio-oral and ear regions. In the regions with single measurements, identical values to NAW in forehead height, mouth width, and ear height were found in 99.7% in both sexes, while in those with multiple measurements, vertical measurements revealed a higher frequency of identical values than horizontal ones. The orbital regions exhibited the greatest variations in identical and contrasting measurements in comparison to NAW. Nose heights and widths contrasted sharply: in relation to NAW the nose was very or extremely significantly wide in both sexes of Asian and Black ethnic groups. Among Caucasians, nose height significantly differed from NAW in three ethnic groups, with one shorter and two greater. In the Middle Eastern groups nose width was identical to those of NAW but the height was significantly greater. The present study, conducted by investigators working separately across the world and with small samples of the population, is clearly preliminary in nature and extent. Yet it may fulfill its mission if medical and anthropological investigators continue the work of establishing normative data of the face. These data are urgently needed by medical professionals but have been lacking up till now in western and northern Europe, Asia, and Africa.

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Diaper need is a form of material hardship that acutely affects families with young children, is not currently addressed by US antipoverty programs, and has received little public or scientific attention. This study examined the association between diaper need and risk for food insecurity in a statewide sample of participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Families enrolled in Vermont WIC in August 2019 were invited to an online survey. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the relationship between risk for food insecurity measured by the Hunger Vital Sign tool and diaper need, with and without adjustment for household factors. Follow-up questions asked those with diaper need what they do when they run out of diapers and those without diaper need how they access enough diapers. Complete data were available for 501 households. Over half (52.3%) were at risk for food insecurity and nearly one-third (32.5%) reported diaper need. The odds of experiencing risk for food insecurity were 3.852 (95% CI=2.557, 5.803) times greater for families with diaper need than for families that had enough diapers. The association persisted with adjustment for location, age of respondent, number of children in diapers, and length of time participating in WIC (adjusted OR=4.036, 95% CI=2.645, 6.160). Strategies to avoid running out of diapers included borrowing, stretching supplies, switching to cloth or underwear, and buying on credit. It is possible that public health interventions that address diaper need may reduce food insecurity in households with children.

In this letter, we report the first published diagnosis of a pathogenic germline TRAF7 missense variant (c.1555 C > T, p.L519F) made on a prenatal basis by exome sequencing (ES) performed on chorionic villi. This case highlights the importance of both higher-level prenatal ultrasounds and the accessibility of ES in making genetic diagnoses in making pregnancy management decisions.

Objectives Inclusive language has come to the forefront of the conversation in human lactation research as a way to increase the use of essential health services by marginalized groups. While there has been a call to action to adopt inclusive language in human lactation research, few studies have assessed understanding and acceptability of inclusive language. This pilot study, conducted in partnership with the Vermont Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) agency, sought to fill this gap. Methods The Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool (BAPT) is a reliable, valid instrument to assess breastfeeding sentiment, social and professional support, and perceived behavioral control. In 2021, the study team revised original survey language primarily to limit the use of gender-exclusive terms; 7 out of the 27 questions were revised (e.g., ‘mothers’ became ‘parents’ and ‘breastmilk’ became ‘human milk’). The team intended to update language without interfering with the interpretation of survey items in a way that could affect BAPT scores. A convenience sample of WIC participants (n = 16) completed the 2021 Revised BAPT survey, then cross-cultural cognitive interviews assessed participants’ understanding of the revised language and explored reactions to other inclusive language terminology. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and transcriptions were analyzed in NVivo using grounded theory principles. Results Cognitive interviews revealed that participants understood and accepted inclusive language in the 2021 Revised BAPT survey when it better reflected their own situation or when they believed it would better reflect the diversity of others’ situations. While the term ‘breastfeeding’ was preferred by most in comparison to gender-inclusive options, adding ‘chestfeeding’ alongside ‘breastfeeding’ in survey questions was generally well-understood by participants and may better support people who identify as LGBTQ + . Conclusions Cognitive interviews with Vermont WIC participants suggest that the updated inclusive BAPT language is generally understandable and accepted. Inclusive language may be especially important in increasing feelings of inclusivity and health-seeking behavior in the LGBTQ + population, and more research on this is recommended. Funding Sources USDA Food and Nutrition Service (FNS).