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In an introductory psychology course at the University of Pennsylvania, 143 of the 145 students completed the short form Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), and an attributional scale which consisted of 12 hypothetical situations, 6 describing good outcomes, 6 describing bad outcomes, half of each having an affiliation orientation, and the other half, an achievement orientation. The students indicated for each situation the one major cause of the outcome described and then rated each cause on a 7-point scale for degree of internality, stability, and globality. They also indicated how important each situation would be if it happened to them.Correlations between the attributional scales and the BDI revealed that being depressed was positively associated with attributing bad outcomes to internal, stable, and global causes, and negatively associated with attributing good outcomes to internal and stable causes. Attribution-MAACL correlations showed similar but smaller relationships, those for good outcomes being nonsignificant. Analysis of variance revealed that the students in the upper quartile on the BDI gave more internal, stable, and global attributions for bad outcomes and more unstable and somewhat more external attributions for good outcomes than did the students scoring in the lower quartile on the BDI. The findings indicate that depression tends to ensue when a bad outcome occurs or is anticipated if it is attributed to global, stable, and internal factors. 7, 1979, 94 pp. This volume concerns the processes and procedures involved in all phases of student service program development. The chapters cover preassessing needs and resources for the establishment of new programs; building upon the political climate of institutions; designing and maintaining quality programs; managing, restructuring, and terminating programs; and staff development. An annotated bibliography of 17 articles and books is included.-Assistant Dean of Students, University of Texas, Austin. Establishing Effective Programs. 0914-1 5/NERBlake, Elizabeth S.Academe, 1979, 65 (September) pp. 280-292.In all colleges, the students are there because of the formal curriculum. Nevertheless, what goes on outside of class is not only a part of the student's educational immersion but may even contribute greatly to education. Campus life differs from ordinary life in the density and accessibility of the learning available and the opportunity for growth

A core prediction of the reformulated model of learned helplessness and depression (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978) is that when confronted with the same negative life event, people who display a generalized tendency to attribute negative outcomes to internal, stable, or global factors should be more likely to experience a depressive mood reaction than people who typically attribute negative outcomes to external, unstable, or specific factors. We tested this prediction with a prospective design in a naturalistic setting by determining whether the content of college students' attributional styles at one point in time predicted the severity of their depressive mood response to receiving a low grade on a midterm exam at a subsequent point in time. Consistent with the prediction, students with an internal or global attributional style for negative outcomes at Time 1 experienced a depressive mood response when confronted with a subsequent low midterm grade, whereas students with an external or specific attributional style for negative outcomes were invulnerable to this depressive mood response. In contrast to the results for the internality and globality dimensions, students' scores along the stability attribution dimension were not correlated with the severity of their depressive mood response to the low midterm grade. In the absence of a negative life event (i.e., receipt of a high midterm grade), students' generalized tendencies to make internal or global attributions for negative outcomes at Time 1 were not significantly correlated with their subsequent changes in depressive mood although there was a nonsignificant positive correlation between severity of depressive mood response and the tendency to make global attributions for negative outcomes at Time 1.

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