Housing First is rapidly developing as a promising practice for ending homelessness. However, concerns have been raised regarding application for particular populations, such as women. Using a critical feminist lens, this evaluation assessed a Housing First program delivered in a mid-sized city in Ontario, Canada. The evaluation included interviews with program participants, program providers, and community key informants. Ultimately, the program proved successful in housing a small group of chronically homeless women, demonstrating that Housing First works with women, and works best when designed with the unique needs of women taken into consideration. The program achieved moderate fidelity to the Housing First model, and a number of recommendations are provided to better meet the unique needs of women. In particular, the issue of unresolved grief and loss in the context of child apprehension was identified as a root cause of ongoing trauma. Consideration is also given to the intersection between mental health services and Housing First programs.

To tell history is to tell a story. No history is inherently complete, each author must pick and choose what pieces they tell and what pieces are left out. Which perspectives are privileged, which issues are explored, which sources are trusted, and which lens is used to attribute motives to actions may vary significantly with each author. When researching history some aspects might be easier to discover, others more hidden, and others completely lost in time. There is no such thing as a 'definitive' history of any particular event, theme or issue, rather there are multiple histories that reflect attempts at accuracy, yet are skewed by the perceptions of the author. In telling a history of women's homelessness a key focus area is gender. This review seeks to highlight the existence of women's homelessness over the last two centuries, and the gendered nature of this phenomenon. This is a meaningful focus, as while popular depictions of homelessness tend to feature men, research supports that women constitute a significant portion of those who have experienced homelessness throughout history. Women who have experienced homelessness become homeless as a result of a system that is not designed to intentionally de-house them, but as a natural outcome of an unfavorably gendered system. A historical review of women's homelessness begins with outlining key contributing factors within the mid-1800's and the period of rapid industrialization of western nations, including Canada, Australia, the United States of America (USA), and the United Kingdom (UK). This timeline was selected as the mid 1800's represents the shift from agrarian society to industrial

Background: Youth mental health challenges are an emerging and persistent global public health issue despite efforts for improvement. As part of a broader social innovation study to transform youth mental health systems, this scoping review assesses interventions that aim for systems-level changes to improve the mental well-being of transitional age youth (TAY) (15-25 years) in high-income countries. Methods: The scoping review method of Arksey and O'Malley (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 2005, 19) was used. Seven health and social service databases were utilized with study inclusion criteria applied. Titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers, and four members of the research team were involved in the review and thematic analysis of selected studies. Results: A total of 5652 peer-reviewed articles were screened at the title and abstract level, of which 65 were assessed in full for eligibility, and 29 were included for final analysis. The peer-reviewed articles and gray literature were based in seven different highincome countries and published between 2008 and 2019. Four major themes to support youth mental health were identified in the literature: (a) improving transitions from youth to adult mental healthcare services; (b) moving care from institutions to the community; (c) general empowerment of youth in society; and (d) youth voice within the system. Inconsistent or limited systems-level approaches to TAY mental health care were noted. Conclusions: There remains a need for innovative, evidence-based approaches to improve TAY mental health care. Key Practitioner Message• Several interventions aimed at preventing, managing, and treating increasing transitional age youth (TAY) mental health challenges have failed to collectively eradicate systemic barriers to youth mental health promotion. • Improving TAY mental health requires an innovative approach that addresses the social determinants of mental health throughout the life span and at multiple systems levels. • This article is a scoping review of peer-reviewed literature that seeks to identify the systems-level interventions promoting and protecting youth mental health in high-income countries. • The results of this scoping review can equip those involved in system change and innovation with evidencebased interventions and themes of what may help promote and protect youth mental health. • Investment in youth mental health is congruent with a rights-based approach to health and advances development goals. • Mental health clinicians, innovators, researchers, and TAY and their informal caregivers/supporters should work together to develop transformative best practices to improve TAY mental health. • The majority of evidence-based literature has focused on the following: (a) improving transitions from youth to adult mental healthcare services; (b) moving care out into the community; (c) general empowerment of youth in society; and (d) youth voice within the system.

Introduction UNICEF estimates that there are as many as 100 million street-involved youth (SIY) globally. Marginalized conditions put SIY at higher risk of HIV and adverse outcomes once HIV-positive. The objective of this analysis was to describe barriers and facilitators of accessing HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services as Phase I of an implementation study evaluating the use of peer navigators to increase access to HIV services. Methods Semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and theatre testing were conducted with individuals who identify as SIY, health care providers, and community stakeholders living in Canada (Toronto, Montreal, London) and Kenya (Eldoret, Huruma, Kitale). Data were analyzed using a directed content approach, guided by the socio-ecological model (SEM). Results Across the six sites were 195 participants: 64 SIY, 42 healthcare providers, and 97 community-based stakeholders. Barriers were identified at the societal (e.g. intersectional stigma and discrimination), public policy (e.g., inadequate access to basic needs, legal documentation, lack of health insurance, and limited community-based funding), institutional (e.g. lack of inclusive education and training, inadequate HIV educational outreach, and restrictive service provision), interpersonal (e.g., ineffective communication from healthcare providers), and intrapersonal levels (e.g. lack of trust and associated fear, low perception for healthcare, and lack of self-esteem). These contributed to limited HIV services utilization among SIY. Conversely, numerous facilitators were also identified at the public policy (e.g. affordable HIV services and treatment), institutional (e.g. available and accessible HIV prevention tools, HIV education and awareness programs, and holistic models of care), interpersonal level (e.g., systems navigation support, peer support, and personal relationships), and intrapersonal levels (e.g. self-efficacy) as positively supporting SIY access to HIV services. Conclusion Intersectional stigma was a critical barrier in all sites, and policies and programs that foster welcoming environments for youth from diverse backgrounds and living circumstances may be better able to respond to the HIV service needs of this high risk population. Social support and navigation services were reported to facilitate access to HIV services in all sites.