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--Widespread use of wireless devices presents new challenges for network operators, who need to provide service to ever larger numbers of mobile end users, while ensuring Quality-of-Service guarantees. In this paper we describe a new distributed routing algorithm that performs dynamic load-balancing for wireless access networks. The algorithm constructs a load-balanced backbone tree, which simplifies routing and avoids per-destination state for routing and per-flow state for QoS reservations. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm using several metrics including adaptation to mobility, degree of load-balance, bandwidth blocking rate, and convergence speed. We find that the algorithm achieves better network utilization by lowering bandwidth blocking rates than other methods. I. INTRODUCTIONInternet appliances equipped with low-cost and short-range radios such as Bluetooth [2] and HomeRF [8] are expected to be widespread. Using these devices, mobile wireless users can access application servers from anywhere. Given the quality of service demands from the users all clamoring for access to the wired network infrastructure, a properly designed routing algorithm can maximize network efficiency and improve performance perceived by end users.For a wireless network, a routing system can be used for any of the following purposes:1. The wireless network is deployed for temporary use, or acts as an alternative infrastructure to the conventional wired network. Furthermore, the network is stationary in the sense that network nodes have fixed locations. Such a network can be a sensor network [3,6,11] or a rooftop network [1,18]. In this case, the routing system will configure routes automatically and quickly based on current radio links without necessarily requiring a trusted authority. 2. The wireless network is mobile. Because nodes may move, existing links can be broken and new ones can be created dynamically. The routing system will configure routes to reflect changing network topology. 3. The wireless network is required to provide QoS routes.For a given QoS demand, the routing system will attempt to find a satisfying route. 4. Suppose that traffic over the wireless network changes over time. The routing system will configure routes so that links evenly share current loads to minimize the bandwidth blocking rate resulting in better network utilization. Past research in routing for wireless networks, such as ad hoc networking [9], has mainly been for purposes 1 and 2. Some work has been for purpose 3, such as [4,19]. In this paper, we address a new routing problem: finding routes for wireless networks that will satisfy all the four purposes: 1, 2, 3 and 4. In particular, our routing algorithm will perform dynamic load-balancing to achieve 4.We focus on a special class of wireless networks, namely, "wireless access networks." Via such a network, an "end node," such as an information appliance, can send packets to and receive packets from an "egress node" that connects to the external networking infrastructure...

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Mobility management is an essential challenge for supporting reliable multimedia data streaming over wireless and mobile networks in the Internet of Things (IoT) for location-based mobile marketing applications. The communications among mobile nodes for IoT need to have a seamless handover for delivering high quality multimedia services. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) mobility management schemes are the proposals for handling the routing of IPv6 packets to mobile nodes that have moved away from their home network. However, the standard mobility management scheme cannot prevent packet losses due to longer handover latency. In this article, a new enhanced data streaming route optimization scheme is introduced that uses an optimized Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) realignment algorithm in order to prevent the packet disordering problem whenever the nodes in the IoT environment are communicating with each other. With the proposed scheme, data packets sequence realignment can be prevented, the packet traffic speed can be controlled, and the TCP performance can be improved. The experimental results show that managing the packet order in proposed new scheme remarkably increases the overall TCP performance over mobile networks within the IoT environment thus ensuring the high quality of service (QoS) for multimedia data streaming in locationbased mobile marketing applications.

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