Titrimetry offers the possibility of simultaneous measurement at low cost of several (buffering) components. A first step in the study towards practical application of the titrimetric technique was the titrimetric analysis by up-or down-titration of standard solutions, standard mixtures, solids digester samples and water samples coming from autotrophic nitrogen-removal reactors. The resulting raw data were further processed with an Excel-based program. This program first converts the raw data into a buffer curve upon which a linear buffer capacity model is fitted to the experimental data by estimating the (buffer) concentrations and corresponding pKa values. As such the type of component and the concentration can be determined. As a second step the resulting calculated concentrations were analysed statistically to assess the accuracy and precision of the titrimetric technique. For this purpose, the data were paired, i.e. the difference between the concentration obtained with titrimetry and the concentration obtained with another technique such as colorimetry or gas chromatography was calculated. First the normality of the paired data was assessed. Then, a paired t-test (normal data) or a paired Wilcoxon test (normal data) was used to statistically compare the results obtained with the titrimetric technique to either the stock solution concentration or measurements with another method (colorimetry or gas chromatography). The statistical tests showed that, depending on the titrant concentration, concentrations from 50 mg/ℓ to 3 000 mg/ℓ could adequately be measured with the titrimetric technique.
Fouling or scaling, i.e., the occurrence of deposits on tubes, heat exchangers, and other devices, is a common problem in industrial and domestic processes. Many anti-fouling techniques exist, both chemically and non-chemically. The efficiency of non-chemical methods is still controversial, although the use of these devices is already widespread in industry. In this contribution, a case study is presented in which the operation of such a device is demonstrated. The electronic water treatment device under study was connected to a 2 m-long copper tube immersed in a water bath with a temperature of 65°C. A short-term experiment revealed that the device did not alter the water chemistry and that locally, fouling was prevented by the device. However, the potential for fouling further downstream was not reduced. A long-term experiment further confirmed the findings of the short-term experiment showing that locally, the device has an anti-fouling action as a significant increase in weight was observed when the device was switched off and a significant decrease in weight was observed when the device was switched on.
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