This review summarizes the current knowledge on pinguisane-type sesquiterpenoids, unique secondary metabolites of Hepaticae, their isolation, structural elucidation, possible biosynthetic pathways, total synthesis, and biological/pharmacological activities. Overall, 76 compounds are presented, the majority of which are isolated from or detected in liverwort material as secondary metabolites, while 4 compounds represent artifacts of the isolation procedure. Pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes can be used as chemotaxonomic markers for different taxonomic levels of liverworts, as well as to delineate chemical as well as evolutionary relationships within the Marchantiophyta phylum.

The biodiesel production from the used cooking oils from the frying of different food items (French fries, chicken breasts, or pork steaks) and methanol in the presence of slaked lime as a catalyst and the triethanolamine:menthol (1:2 mol/mol) deep eutectic solvent as a cosolvent was studied. This deep eutectic solvent accelerated the transesterification reaction. The transesterification reaction involves only the chemical reaction controlled region from its beginning and follows the pseudo-first-order reaction rate law. A good agreement between the model and the experimental data was confirmed by a low mean relative percent deviation between the predicted and observed values of triacylglycerol conversion degree (<3.5%). The highest apparent reaction rate constant of 0.421 min À1 was achieved with the used cooking oil from frying pork steaks at 60 C. The activation energy increases in the following order of the used cooking oils from frying the food items:French fries (23.1 kJ/mol) ! chicken breasts (30.7 kJ/mol) ! pork steaks (41.6 kJ/mol). A methyl esters content higher than 97.5% was achieved within 40 min of the transesterification of the used cooking oils over slaked lime combined with the triethanolamine:menthol deep eutectic solvent.biodiesel, Ca(OH) 2 , CaO, modeling, used cooking oil | INTRODUCTIONThe use of non-edible and waste oily feedstocks has reached a significant share in biodiesel production for economic and environmental reasons but used cooking oils (UCOs) are their main part. 1 UCOs are edible vegetable oils and animal fats used for cooking or frying in the food industry, restaurants, fast food restaurants, and home kitchens.UCOs are already the main raw material for biofuel production in China, Japan, and Korea, 1,2 and a large share of raw materials in India and Canada. 3,4 Also, almost 20% of biodiesel production in the European Union in 2017 came from UCOs. 1 UCOs can be successfully converted to biodiesel by transesterification, which can be performed using a variety of catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts, like KOH, are commonly used in commercial biodiesel production due to their higher activity. 5 Heterogeneous catalysts, like CaO and Ca(OH) 2 , as inexpensive, less toxic, and widely available, are