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This study reports on the life history of a rare alpheid shrimp,Salmoneus carvachoi, in the tropical western Atlantic. At an intertidal flat in Pontal Bay, Ilhéus, Bahia, north-eastern Brazil,S. carvachoiwas collected from within burrows of the axianassid mud shrimpAxianassa australisand the caridean snapping shrimpsAlpheus estuariensisandAlpheus chacei. These and earlier studies that reportedS. carvachoiin dwellings constructed by other larger burrowing crustaceans suggest thatS. carvachoiis a generalist species that establishes facultative symbiotic partnerships with larger burrowing decapods. We collected a total of 52 individuals during the sampling period (1 year); 19 (36.5%) of these shrimps carried embryos underneath the abdomen. The mean ± SD carapace length was 4.7 ± 0.7 and 5.5 ± 0.3 mm in non-brooding and brooding shrimps, respectively. All collected specimens, whether or not brooding embryos, bear appendices masculinae on the endopods of the second pleopods. Burrows harboured only one or two shrimps and never three or more shrimps. Pairs of shrimp that inhabited burrows consisted of two brooding shrimps (N = 3 pairs), two non-brooding shrimps (N = 3), or one brooding and one non-brooding shrimp (N = 1). The presence of appendices masculinae in all collected shrimps, whether or not brooding embryos, and the pairing of brooding shrimp within host burrows suggest thatS. carvachoiis a simultaneously hermaphroditic species.

We provide an updated list of the 22 species of caridean shrimps occurring in estuaries at Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil, in the following families: Palaemonidae (4 species), Alpheidae (15 species), Hippolytidae (2 species) and Ogyrididae (1 species). The alpheid Automate cf. dolichognatha De Man, 1888 and the ogyridid Ogyrides alphaerostris (Kingsley, 1880) are reported from Bahia for the first time. The alpheids Alpheus brasileiro Anker, 2012, A. buckupi Almeida, Terossi, Araújo- Silva and Mantelatto, 2013, A. chacei Carvacho, 1979, A. nuttingi (Schmitt, 1924), Leptalpheus axianassae Dworschak and Coelho, 1999 and Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 are recorded from Ilhéus for the first time. Alpheus angulosus McClure, 2002 and A. carlae Anker, 2012 were previously reported from Ilhéus as A. armillatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837). A key for identification of the carideans from estuaries of Ilhéus is provided.

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