Purpose We developed and validated a method for quantitative analysis of 50 psychoactive substances and metabolites (antidepressants, benzodiazepines and opioids) in oral fluid samples using simple liquid–liquid extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Method Oral fluid samples were collected using Quantisal™ device and extracted by liquid–liquid extraction with 1.0 mL of methyl tert-butyl ether and then analyzed using LC–MS/MS. Results The method attended method validation criteria, with limits of quantification as low as 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL, and linearity between 0.5–50.0 ng/mL for antidepressants, 0.5–25.0 ng/mL for benzodiazepines and 1.0–50.0 ng/mL to opioids. During method validation, bias and imprecision values were not greater than 16 and 20%, respectively. Ionization suppression/enhancement bias results were not greater than 25%. No evidence of carryover was observed. Sample stability studies showed that almost all analytes were stable at 25 °C for 3 days and at 4 °C for 7 days. Freeze–thaw cycles stability showed that most antidepressants and opioids were stable under these conditions. Autosampler stability study showed that all analytes were stable for 24 h, except for nitrazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam. Thirty-eight authentic oral fluid samples were analyzed; 36.8% of the samples were positive for 2 drugs. Citalopram was the most common drug found, followed by venlafaxine. Conclusions The method was validated according to international recommendations for the 50 analytes, showing low limits of quantification, good imprecision and bias values, using simple liquid–liquid extraction, and was successfully applied to authentic oral fluid samples analysis.
Considering that the use of psychoactive substances (PS) is a risk factor to either higher intensity or frequency of suicidal behavior, hair analysis was conducted to investigate the most consumed PS (opiates, amphetamine stimulants, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin) in patients who attempted suicide and received urgent care at Emergency Service. Hair samples were extracted using methanol and sonicated under heating, and then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During validation, the method complied with international recommended criteria, with limits of detection between 0.0025 and 0.05 ng/mg and linearity between 0.1 to 4 ng/mg for methamphetamine, MDMA, morphine, amphetamine, 6-acetylmorphine, MDA, fenproporex, diethylpropion, codeine; between 0.025 to 1 ng/mg for THC, benzoylecgonine and cocaethylene; and between 0.25 to 10 ng/mg for cocaine and mazindol. A total of 109 hair samples were analyzed and segmented in 404 parts. Among all analyzed samples, 30.3% were positive for at least one PS (n=33), such as: cocaine (90.9%), codeine (12.1%), morphine (3.0 %), MDMA (3.0%) and THC (3.0%). In segmental analysis of cocaine positive samples (n=30), 76.7% of the samples indicated recent exposure to cocaine (<1 month). This same behavior was observed when analyzing codeine (n=4) and morphine (n=1). THC positive samples indicated exposure dated approximately 4 months prior. In conclusion, the method was validated following international recommendations for the twelve most consumed psychoactive substances in Brazil, as well as two of the most common found metabolites.
Dedico este trabalho ao meu pai, Adolfo, por me ensinar os verdadeiros valores da vida e a minha mãe, pelo apoio incondicional aos meus sonhos. AGRADECIMENTOSAo meu filho, Lucas, por me inspirar a ser cada dia uma pessoa melhor.Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. André, não só por confiar em mim, mas também por me guiar nos momentos necessários, mesmo diante de sua agenda sobrecarregada e também por me mostrar o quão fascinante é a prática baseada em evidência.Aos meus irmãos, Renato e Roberta, que mesmo distante fisicamente, participam diariamente da minha vida e por todo o suporte.Aos meus pais, pelo forte alicerce construído, que permitiu nossa união familiar A minha avó, Nair, pelas orações sempre tão importantes.A querida Profa. Dra. Maria Ângela Antonio (Anze), por toda força e inspiração.A Laura, minha amiga-irmã, que incansavelmente me apoia e entende meus momentos e minhas angústias. E pela incrível troca de conhecimentos e aprendizagem diária.Ao Rafael, por colaborar para a realização deste trabalho.Aos membros da banca de qualificação, Dra. Carmen Lima, Dra. Ilka Boin e a Dra. Susana Ramalho, que brilhantemente contribuíram para elevar o nível deste trabalho. RESUMOIntrodução: O tratamento do câncer de mama metastático continua um desafio para a medicina, apesar de recentes descobertas científicas e avanços tecnológicos. Novos agentes endócrinos, com diferentes mecanismos de ação, possibilitaram melhoras de desfechos clínicos relevantes. Mesmo assim, a presença de metástase visceral parece ser na prática clínica, um fator relacionado à prescrição de quimioterapia. Esta revisão sistemática com metanálise tem por objetivo avaliar o impacto preditivo da presença de metástases viscerais nos desfechos sobrevida global, sobrevida livre de progressão e taxa de resposta através de comparação de subgrupos em estudos avaliando terapias endócrinas inovadoras versus tratamentos endócrinos padrão. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de acordo com o método PRISMA, de estudos randomizados publicados entre 2008 a 2018, seguida de metanálise dos desfechos extraídos utilizando o software RevMan, versão 5.0, disponibilizado pela colaboração Cochrane. Resultados: Analisamos dados acumulados de 6653 pacientes com taxa aproximada de 55% apresentava metástase visceral. No desfecho sobrevida livre de progressão, não houve diferença significativa do impacto das novas terapias hormonais sobre o tratamento padrão, quando comparados os subgrupos com e sem metástase visceral (p = 0,70). Para sobrevida global, embora a análise de interação entre subgrupos ser possível em apenas um estudo, também não houve diferença do impacto das terapias hormonais inovadoras,, dependendo da presença ou não de metástases viscerais (p = 0,61). Conclusão: o uso de terapia endócrina pode ser considerado o tratamento padrão para câncer de metastático, hormônio receptor positivo e fator de expressão HER2 negativo mesmo com presença de metástases viscerais.Palavras -chave: Neoplasia de mama. Metástase visceral. Hormonioterapia.Endocrinoterapia.
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