This paper describes the emergence of anti-war initiatives in the former Yugoslavia against the background of the official nationalism of Communist elites and their post-1990 successors. The author argues that anti-war activism in the disintegrating state was a mobilization of the most articulate segment of a widespread, all-Yugoslav, urban, cosmopolitan and genuinely non-ethnonationalistic cultural identity. One of the reasons behind its easy suppression by the official rhetoric of ethnic homogeneity is its purely cultural stance and lack of experience in alternative forms of political organization. Dominant approaches to ethno-nationalism in former Yugoslavia are criticized for essentializing ethnic identities, and contrasted with some interpretive approaches that analyze the structural preconditions of ethno-nationalism as top-to-bottom projects of the ex-Communist middle-to-high ranking functionaries in search of legitimacy and forced to create a 'democratic electorate.'

Glycodelin (or placental protein 14) is a glycoprotein located in the glandular and thin epithelium of the endometrium. It is considered an important factor in the implantation process, and its traces can be found in elevated concentrations in the uterine fl ushing obtained at the time of implantation, while in the prolif ANALYSIS OF GLYCODELIN LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER HYSTEROSCOPIC POLYPECTOMY IN INFERTILE PATIENTS

Introduction/Objective The aim of this paper is to present changes of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in uterine flushings and serum of infertile female patients before and after hysteroscopic polypectomy. Methods A total of 82 infertile female patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group was the experimental group and comprised 56 infertile women with endometrial polyps, whereas the second group was the control group of 26 infertile women who were not diagnosed with endometrial polyps. Results The results of this research primarily suggest that TNF-α concentrations obtained from uterine flushings and serum of infertile patients diagnosed with endometrial polyps differed before and after a surgical procedure. In the control group of patients, there was no significant difference observed regarding TNF-α concentrations in serum and uterine flushings of women without endometrial polyps. A comparison between these two groups revealed differences in TNF-α concentrations in both venous blood and uterine flushings. These differences were considered statistically significant. Conclusion Endometrial polyps are one of the causes of higher TNF-α levels in both uterine flushings and serum.

This study addresses the revival of ‘Ottomanism’, defined as a threat of ‘return’ to the cultural and political norms of the Ottoman Empire, operationalized via the links between Turkey and the local Muslim population, among the academic elites in Serbia since the late 1980s. The making of Ottomanism a relevant segment of the nation-building process in post-Yugoslav Serbia has served two goals: (1) forgetting the history of the Yugoslav Federation; and (2) affirming the ‘irreconcilable differences’ between the Yugoslav Muslims and Christians, and subsequently legitimating the violent redrawing of state boundaries. The neo-Ottomanist ‘dangers’ are presented as stemming from: (1) the apparent continuity between the expansionism of the Ottoman Empire and the current policies of Turkey in the Balkans, (2) the failure of the modernization reforms of ‘Atatürkism’, which is attributed to the fact that they were alien to the cultural-religious ‘essence’ of Turkish mentality; and (3) the link between the modernization failure and the resurgence of ‘Islamization’, which is perceived as either not been recognized by Turkey’s Western allies, or as being used by U.S. policymakers as leverage against other Middle Eastern states.

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