This study aimed to assess the effects of breeder age on egg quality and amino acid and mineral transfer to the egg yolk and yolk sac of newly hatched chicks. Three ages (32, 42 and 52 weeks) of the same commercial flock of Hubbard breeders were studied. A total of 465 eggs were used for each age, with 60 being used for determining egg quality and amino acid and mineral content of yolk, and 405 for incubation period to obtain and evaluate the yolk sac of chicks. Breeders aged 52 weeks had heavier eggs and a higher percentage of yolk (p < 0.05), whereas 32‐week‐old breeders had higher eggshell percentage and thickness (p < 0.05). The percentage of protein deposited in egg yolk for 52‐week‐old breeders was higher than that for 32‐ and 42‐week‐old breeders (p < 0.05). Percentages of methionine, cysteine, met + cysteine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine and isoleucine in egg yolk for 32‐week‐old breeders were higher than that for 42‐ and 52‐week‐old breeders (p < 0.05). The transfer from breeder of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc to the yolk of eggs from 32‐week‐old breeders was greater than that for eggs from 42‐ and 52‐week‐old breeders (p < 0.05). Chicks from 32‐week‐old breeders had greater deposition of phosphorus and calcium in the yolk sac (p < 0.05). Breeder age did not affect the deposition of potassium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc in the yolk sac of newly hatch chicks (p > 0.05). It can, however, be concluded that younger breeders deposit more amino acids and minerals in egg yolk, while embryos of older breeders seem to use the nutrients present in the yolk more efficiently during embryonic development.
RESUMOO comportamento higiênico é uma ferramenta essencial no melhoramento em enxames. Diferentes testes avaliam o comportamento higiênico, os mais utilizados são o teste de congelamento e o de perfuração de crias operculadas, sendo o segundo o mais usado por técnicos no campo. Porém os procedimentos e a aplicabilidade desse teste por apicultores ainda requer um conhecimento prévio de cálculos matemáticos e demanda mínima de 15 a 16 dias para repetição. Devido as estes fatores o objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar e comparar dois testes de comportamento higiênico, buscando uma forma simplificada mais prática e rápida. Os dados revelaram não haver diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (primeiro ano com o fator de correção e segundo ano sem o fator de correção) (p<0,05). O desempenho médio individual de cada grupo apresentou valores diferenciados o grupo D teve diferença significativa aos demais com média de 91,55% superior ao grupo B com média 88,28% que também teve diferença significativa aos demais grupos. Os grupos E, A e C não tiveram diferença significativa com médias 86,11%, 85,30% e 84,78%. O teste do comportamento higiênico mais simplificado sem o fator de correção foi estatisticamente semelhante ao teste com fator de correção, podendo ser utilizado pelos apicultores na seleção de colmeias para o comportamento higiênico. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Desempenho, manejo, métodos.
EVALUATION OF TWO BEHAVIOUR HYGIENIC TESTS IN Apis melliferaCOLONY ABSTRACT The hygienic behavior is an essential tool in the improvement in swarms. Different tests measure hygienic behavior, the most used are freezing test and the offspring of operculated drilling, the second most used by technicians in the field. But the
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