Background Racial/ethnic disparities in maternal and infant morbidity and mortality (MIM&M) is a wicked problem that is reinforced and perpetuated by our system[s] of care. Life Course Theory (LCT) helps to explain drivers of health disparities, but its application is challenged. An upstream approach that promotes systemic change requires the implementation of an expanded prevention framework that includes primordial and quaternary prevention. Research Design We developed an innovative expanded Whole System Prevention Framework (WSPF) that incorporates LCT, prevention (including primordial and quaternary prevention) and systems thinking. Study Sample We implemented this new conceptual Framework with two Healthy Start community partnerships through training, service mapping, and strategic planning to address upstream drivers of MIM&M. Data Collection and Analysis Service mapping revealed few Healthy Start upstream activities/services with the predominance being delivered downstream at the program (microsystem) level. Results Service mapping provided a snapshot of the current service distribution of services across the systems. The preponderance were primary, secondary and tertiary prevention activities (75.5% and 65.6%) delivered at the program level (58.2% and 68%), revealing opportunities for upstream strategies to promote equity. The implementation process provided a new way to frame strategic planning and develop upstream strategies to promote health equity and reduce MIM&M. Conclusion The Whole System Prevention Framework and its implementation methodology could be applied to address other wicked problems.

Individuals who have HIV who also use drugs experience increased age-matched morbidity and mortality in comparison with those with HIV who do not use drugs. A systematic review was conducted to describe models of integrated HIV and opioid use disorder (OUD) services, enablers of and barriers to integrated service access, and the coordinated systems and tools at the state and service delivery levels required for implementation. Database searches yielded 235 candidate articles, of which 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. Analysis found that integrated programs operated with minimal coordinated policy and systems guidance at the state level. Service delivery systems and tools used for integration, including use of integrated protocols, risk assessment tools, case management tools, and referral systems, were similar across integration models. Concerted efforts to coordinate state-level systems and develop supportive policies, guidelines, and standardized tools may facilitate integration at the service delivery level.