Background: Childhood obesity is a global problem, causing social and psychological damage, as well as physical health risks. This study estimated the occurrence of body image dissatisfaction in primary schoolchildren aged 9-13 years and investigated its association with obesity and other factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, for which 533 students attending three public primary schools in Acapulco were recruited. Students completed a facilitated self-administered questionnaire about their age, sex, socioeconomic level, body image satisfaction, and perception of their parents' body image. We registered anthropometry of the students and calculated body mass index (BMI). We examined the associations of BMI category and other factors with body image dissatisfaction, calculating the cluster-adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Results: From the total number of participants, 75% (181/243) of girls and 73% (170/232) of boys were dissatisfied with their body image and wanted a slimmer body. About half were overweight or obese: 45% (121/271) of girls and 52% (135/262) of boys. Overweight or obese children were much more likely to be dissatisfied with their body image (cluster adjusted: 6.73;. No other factors were significantly associated with body image dissatisfaction. One-third of the girls (32%, 86/271) and 17% (45/261) of the boys reported an underweight desired body image. Conclusions: The high level of obesity is a cause for concern and an even higher level of body image dissatisfaction as well. The high dissatisfaction among children suggests that boys, as well as girls in Mexico, may now be subjected to intense social pressure about desirable body image.

Models based on multifactorial interactions are needed to deal with the dynamics taking place in the eutrophication processes of coastal lagoons. However, as the number of indirect drivers stemming from anthropogenic factors increases, temporal disorders between anthropogenic activities may increase, thus hindering the understanding of their dynamics. We have built multifactorial pathways to deal with the dynamics associated with the cultural eutrophication process of a coastal lagoon. The pathways guided the identification of potential temporal disorder patterns between anthropogenic activities, which may exert influence on the disturbances associated with eutrophication process. The identification of temporal disorder patterns derived from anthropogenic activities belonging to different pathways resulted in a valuable form of support for analyzing and evaluating relationships between public policies, technological skills and environmental culture programs. All of which exert influence on the eutrophication process, which in turn cause changes on the trophic state and on the landscape of the coastal lagoon. Pathways composed of multifactorial interactions that take into account spatial and temporal aspects, contribute to improving the understanding of the inherent dynamics of the eutrophication process of coastal lagoons. Temporal disorders between anthropogenic activities may be seen to emerge, thus exerting changes on the trophic state and spatial damage on the landscapes of coastal lagoons.

México ResumenEn este artículo nos proponemos responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿qué prácticas han configurado la relación entre actores civiles y estatales en la formulación de políticas para la gestión de residuos en Acapulco? Mediante un análisis cualitativo de experiencias en implementación de políticas de gestión de residuos (con la participación de actores civiles, gubernamentales y locales, desde la perspectiva de la antropología del Estado), proponemos que de dicha gestión emergen dos modelos de acción: uno institucionalizado, normado estatalmente y tendiente a discursos de sustentabilidad, y otro -gestión desde los márgenes-en el que alternan prácticas ilegales -falta de protocolos para el manejo de desechos-con la emergencia de actores que proponen salidas prácticas hacia un enfoque integral de gestión: los pechugueros y trabajadores gubernamentales con procedimientos situados. Aunque no se trata de una evaluación cuantitativa, esta investigación puede proveer elementos para contextualizar los ejercicios ya realizados al respecto. Palabras clave: antropología; residuos; medio ambiente; análisis cualitativo; políticas públicas.

Pesca en la Laguna de Tres Palos; Deterioro ambiental por crecimiento demográfico sin planeación urbana en Acapulco, Guerrero

We studied the cultural eutrophication process assessments of coastal lagoons by considering sociopolitical, socioeconomic, demographic, technological, and cultural factors, which represent indirect drivers exerting effects on the eutrophication process, causing changes on the trophic status. Multifactorial interactions in eutrophication processes make understanding their complex dynamics difficult, leading to unreliable assessments and, consequently, to unsustainable management actions. This, in turn, hinders the feasibility of coastal lagoon sustainability. We propose a method based on the evaluation of pathways derived from a multifactorial network, which represents the eutrophication process, with the aim of determining the feasibility of the sustainability of the Tres Palos coastal lagoon. Our findings revealed that most of the evaluations of relationships belonging to pathways were unfeasible due to reasons such as: there was no evidence of the existence of public policies, technological skills, and cultural factors; there was a lack of data related to human settlements around the lagoon and river, industrial waste, agricultural practices, and tourism. The preceding shortcomings hinder the feasibility of coastal lagoon sustainability under study. We suggest that assessments of cultural eutrophication processes that overlook sociopolitical, socioeconomic, technological, and cultural factors are limited and inadequate for supporting the feasibility of sustainable coastal lagoons.