O interesse em pesquisas e análises econômicas sobre o trabalho infantil ressurge por volta de 1995, principalmente graças à crescente ênfase na redução da pobreza e na acumulação de capital humano para se obter desenvolvimento, que faz com que o trabalho de crianças seja visto como um impedimento ao progresso econômico. As análises empíricas visando obter as causas, conseqüências e soluções para o trabalho infantil estão agora sendo facilitadas pelo aumento da disponibilidade de microdados e pelas facilidades computacionais disponíveis. A pobreza, a escolaridade dos pais, o tamanho e a estrutura da família, o sexo do chefe, idade em que os pais começaram a trabalhar e o local de residência são os determinantes mais analisados e dos mais importantes para explicar a alocação do tempo da criança para o trabalho. As principais conseqüências socioeconômicas do trabalho de crianças e de adolescentes são sobre a educação, o salário e a saúde dos indivíduos. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar, de forma resumida, o que se conhece na literatura econômica sobre trabalho infantil e indicar direções para futuros estudos.
Although the Heckman approach has often been used in empirical analysis, the marginal effects, necessary to interpret the effect of the regressors on the dependent variable, appeared to be overlooked. Using the Heckman approach, general expressions are derived for calculating the conditional and unconditional marginal effects. Based on a sample of Brazilian women, the conditional and unconditional return to education are calculated for the logarithm of earnings equation estimated by Heckman's procedure, comparing them to the marginal effect of education obtained without correcting for selectivity bias. The same analysis is carried out for a discrete variable 'black'.
Utilizando-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), de 1998, analisou-se os determinantes da procura por atendimento à saúde devido à doença, nas áreas urbana e rural do Brasil. A variável estado de saúde do indivíduo foi estimada em função de variáveis de infra-estrutura do domicílio, características individuais, renda familiar, etc., e sua estimativa foi utilizada como variável explanatória na equação de procura por atendimento à saúde, para evitar endogeneidade. O fator mais importante na determinação da procura por atendimento à saúde foi o estado de saúde do indivíduo, tanto na área urbana quanto no meio rural. Na área urbana, o nível de escolaridade também teve grande impacto em reduzir a procura por serviços de saúde. The determinants of the demand for health services due to health problems is analyzed in the urban and rural areas of Brazil, based on a 1998 household survey. The variable health status of each individual was estimated as a function on the household's infrastructure, individual characteristics, family income, etc., and the estimates were used as an explanatory variable in the demand for health services, to avoid endogeneity problems. The most important factor in determining health services in urban and rural areas was the individual's health status. In urban areas, schooling was also important to reduce the demand for health services
Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have become widespread in developing and underdeveloped countries as a way to alleviate current poverty and provide investments in human capital that could lead families to better life conditions in the long-term. The first goal is accomplished when poor families receive money from governments on a monthly basis, as a complementary income source. The second goal is reached by conditioning the cash transfers on certain behaviors, such as visiting enrolling children in school. However, these programs may also have impact on time use decisions within beneficiaries, particularly with respect to time spent working. In this paper, we aim to measure the impact of Brazilian conditional cash transfer programs on children and parents' labor status using the econometric framework of policy evaluation. The usual probit and Heckman econometric models show that CCT reduces the probability of work for children but not their time spent on labor market, and that the program is more efficient for girls than for boys. On the other hand, parent's labor participation is not affected but their working hours change due to the program. An alternative approach, the propensity score matching, will be performed in order to avoid the biases that might arise from some remaining heterogeneity problems.
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