Abstract. Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been evolving, generating new genetic and antigenic variants throughout the world. This study was conducted to determine the types of CPV circulating in dogs in Figueira da Foz, Portugal. Thirty fecal samples, collected between 2006 and 2007 from dogs with clinical signs of CPV infection, were tested for CPV by a rapid, in-clinic, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)/ immunomigration test, by conventional real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and by minor-groove binding TaqMan PCR. Of the 29 PCR-positive samples, 15 were identified as CPV-2b and 14 as CPV-2c. No CPV-2a was detected. The sensitivity of the ELISA test was 82.76% compared with the PCR assays. No significant associations were found between CPV type, clinical outcome, breed, vaccination status, or age.

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors concerning Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Figueira da Foz, located in the central region of Portugal. In the period between November 2009 and January 2011, 304 blood samples were obtained from dogs over 1 year of age, with no previous history of heartworm prevention or diagnosis. Every blood sample was analyzed using varied laboratory techniques (direct microscopic evaluation of a fresh blood sample, the modified Knott technique, and the ELISA antigen detection test – IDEXX Snapp®). In the samples in which microfilaremia was detected, a histochemical technique using acid phosphatase staining was applied to identify the species of microfilariae. A total prevalence of 27.3% (83 out of 304) was found. We also found that 73.5% of all positive cases (61 out of 83) were microfilaremic, and 26.5% were occult infections (22 out of 83). By means of a histochemical technique Dirofilaria immitis was identified in 96.7% of microfilaremic samples. A multivariate model allowed us to identify the following risk factors for the presence of heartworm disease: age between 4 and 9 years, dogs living in a rural environment, large breed dogs, and living outdoors. This study shows for the first time the high prevalence of heartworm disease in a central area of Portugal and emphasizes the importance of systematic screening for this disease, as well as the need to prevent it in dogs in this area.

Purpose Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming increasingly widespread. The aim of this study was to provide an accurate description of the current practices and clinical characteristics of COPD patients on HMV in Portugal. Methods The study was designed as a cross-sectional, multicenter real-life study of COPD patients established on HMV for at least 30 days. Data related to clinical characteristics, adaptation and ventilatory settings were collected. Results The study included 569 COPD patients on HMV from 15 centers. The majority were male, with a median age of 72 years and a high prevalence of obesity (43.2%) and sleep apnea (45.8%). A high treatment compliance was observed (median 8h/day), 48.7% with inspiratory positive airway pressure ≥20 cmH 2 O and oronasal masks were the preferred interface (91.7%). There was an equal distribution of patients starting HMV during chronic stable condition and following an exacerbation. Patients in stable condition were initiated in the outpatient setting in 92.3%. Despite the differences in criteria and setting of adaptation and a slightly lower BMI in patients starting HMV following an exacerbation, we found no significant differences regarding age, gender, ventilation pressures, time on HMV, usage, severity of airflow obstruction or current arterial blood gas analysis (ABGs) in relation to patients adapted in stable condition. Conclusion Patients were highly compliant with the therapy. In agreement with most recent studies and recommendations, there seems to be a move towards higher ventilation pressures, increased use of oronasal masks and an intent to obtain normocapnia. This study shows that chronic hypercapnic and post exacerbation patients do not differ significantly regarding patient characteristics, physiological parameters or ventilatory settings with one exception: chronic hypercapnic patients are more often obese and, subsequently, more frequently present OSA.

Introdução: O modelo tradicional de referenciamento ao radiologista para a realização de ultrassonografia ou ecografia tem se modificado nos últimos 25 anos. Com a diminuição do tamanho e do custo dos aparelhos de ultrassom (hoje já existem mais de 10 unidades “handheld” no mercado), cada vez mais médicos de diferentes especialidades estão utilizando a ultrassonografia a beira do leito, como extensão do exame físico. Objetivo: Destacar a importância do uso da ultrassonografia a beira do leito na avaliação objetiva e ampliada dos pacientes renais. Materiais e Métodos: Revisão narrativa com seleção dos estudos e a interpretação das informações baseados na escolha arbitrária dos autores. Resultados: Na nefrologia, a ecografia ainda tem sido pouco utilizada, sendo o seu maior uso na identificação renal e venosa quando da realização da biópsia renal e do acesso vascular, respectivamente. Contudo, o papel fundamental dos rins no controle da volemia e da pressão arterial, eventualmente quando se tornam disfuncionais, demanda avaliações multiorgânicas. Assim, a utilização da ultrassonografia na nefrologia não deveria se restringir aos procedimentos mencionados ou a avaliação da retenção urinária. As ecografias “focadas” dos pulmões, do coração e da veia cava inferior permite o diagnóstico de complicações frequentes observadas nas doenças renais, como por exemplo, congestão pulmonar, derrame pleural, pneumotórax, disfunção sistólica, diastólica, derrame pericárdico e, assim, incorporadas como extensão do exame físico em nefrologia. Conclusão: A multifuncionalidade renal implica em grande número de complicações renais e extra-renais quando os rins são funcionalmente acometidos, o que justifica o uso da POCUS não somente na avaliação do trato urinário, mas também dos pulmões, coração, veia cava inferior, entre outros.

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