Introduction: Systemic endemic mycoses are prevalent in specific geographical areas of the world and are responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality in these populations, and in immigrants and travelers returning from endemic regions. The most common fungal infections that can affect the lungs of immunocompetent patients include histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Diagnosis and management of these diseases remain challenging, especially in non-endemic areas due to the lack of experience. Therefore, recognition of the various radiologic manifestations of pulmonary fungal infections associated with patients' clinical and epidemiologic history is imperative for narrowing the differential diagnosis. Areas covered: This review discusses the clinical and radiological findings of the main endemic fungal diseases affecting the lungs in immunocompetent patients. Specific topics discussed are their etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, methods of diagnosis, pathology and main imaging findings, especially in computed tomography. Expert commentary: Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary fungal infection and may reveal useful signs. Although definitive diagnosis cannot be made based on imaging features alone, the use of a combination of epidemiologic, clinical and imaging findings may permit the formulation of an adequate differential diagnosis.

No abstract

Endemic systemic mycoses are prevalent in specific geographic areas of the world and are responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality in the populations of such areas, as well as in immigrants and travelers returning from endemic regions. Pulmonary histoplasmosis is an infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus. This infection has a worldwide distribution, being endemic in Brazil. Histoplasmosis can affect the lungs, and its diagnosis and management remain challenging, especially in non-endemic areas. Therefore, recognition of the various radiological manifestations of pulmonary histoplasmosis, together with the clinical and epidemiological history of the patient, is essential to narrowing the differential diagnosis. This essay discusses the main computed tomography findings of pulmonary histoplasmosis.

Resumo As micoses sistêmicas endêmicas são prevalentes em áreas geográficas específicas do mundo e são responsáveis por altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade nessas populações e em imigrantes e viajantes que retornam de regiões endêmicas. A histoplasmose pulmonar é uma infecção causada pelo Histoplasma capsulatum, um fungo dimórfico. Essa infecção tem distribuição mundial, apresentando-se de forma endêmica no Brasil. A histoplasmose pode afetar os pulmões de pacientes, e seu diagnóstico e manejo permanecem desafiadores, especialmente em áreas não endêmicas. Portanto, o reconhecimento das várias manifestações radiológicas da histoplasmose pulmonar associadas a história clínica e epidemiológica dos pacientes é fundamental para estreitar o diagnóstico diferencial. Este ensaio discute os principais achados tomográficos da histoplasmose pulmonar.