Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CvD) and the cardiovascular effect of antidiabetic drugs are today critical medical issues, with the prevalence of T2DM in particular showing a steep increase worldwide, mainly due to unhealthy lifestyle habits. T2DM in association with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors, results in the development of CvD, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM. Thus, treatment of T2DM is an individualized and complex challenge in which targeting cardiovascular risk factors is an important component in the decision making. given the cardiovascular adverse events associated with rosiglitazone, both the food and Drug Administration and the european Medicines Agency currently require the demonstration of cardiovascular safety of new antidiabetic drugs. Consequently, clinical trials to guarantee their cardiovascular safety are now obligatory. This review aims to summarize the available evidence on the cardiovascular effects and safety of the major drugs used in T2DM treatment and also to provide an overview of upcoming and ongoing clinical trials in this field. Our belief is that this review will be of substantial assistance to all medical doctors who are treating diabetic patients, namely primary care physicians, internal medicine doctors, endocrinologists, diabetologists and less well experienced personnel such as young doctors in training.
This case study aims to discuss the unusual forms of hyperthyroidism presentation, the nonspecific symptoms and precipitating events. A 70-year-old male was taken to the emergency department for hyperglycaemia, nausea, vomiting and altered mental status with a week of evolution. He had a past medical history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. He had no history of any recent intercurrent illness or infection. At the emergency room, besides hyperglycaemia, ketonemia and slightly elevated C-reactive protein, the basic laboratory panel workup was normal, as was the head computed tomography. He was admitted for metabolic compensation and to study the altered neurological status. During hospitalisation, despite the good glycemic control, he had no improvements in neurological status. At day four of hospitalisation, thyrotoxicosis with thyroid storm criteria was diagnosed. He started on adequate treatment with complete clinical recovery. The associated morbidity and mortality of thyroid storm requires immediate recognition and treatment. Elderly patients are frequently misdiagnosed or diagnosed later due to fewer and less pronounced signs and symptoms.
RESUMOIntrodução: O 18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose-tomografia por emissão de pósitrons/tomografia computorizada tem sido aplicado ao estudo da atividade metabólica e da inflamação do tecido adiposo, constituindo uma possível ferramenta para complementar a estratificação de risco na obesidade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram a avaliação da captação de 18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose pelo tecido adiposo visceral e pelo tecido adiposo subcutâneo e a determinação de eventuais diferenças em doentes com e sem obesidade. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de doentes adultos submetidos a 18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose-tomografia por emissão de pósi-trons/tomografia computorizada entre julho e agosto de 2016. Análise estatística: software SPSS™ versão 20. Significância estatística: p < 0,05. Resultados: Foram avaliados os exames18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose-tomografia por emissão de pósitrons/tomografia computorizada de 156 doentes (58,3% eram homens) com idade média de 61,0 ± 14,1 anos. Metade dos doentes apresentava índice de massa corporal ≥ 25,0 kg/m 2 e 15,4% (n = 24) eram obesos. Em ambos os grupos, a captação média de 18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose foi superior no tecido adiposo visceral. Não houve diferenças na captação de 18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose no tecido adiposo visceral entre os grupos. Os doentes obesos apresentaram menor densidade do tecido adiposo, quer no tecido adiposo visceral como no tecido adiposo subcutâneo. A circunferência abdominal e a densidade do tecido adiposo visceral tiveram um valor preditivo positivo na captação média de 18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose no tecido adiposo visceral. Discussão: Através de um exame não invasivo, demonstrou-se a existência de atividade metabólica significativamente maior no tecido adiposo visceral, comparativamente ao tecido adiposo subcutâneo, em doentes com e sem obesidade. De acordo com os nossos resultados, a circunferência abdominal foi um determinante importante na captação de 18 F-fluorodesoxiglucose no tecido adiposo visceral. Demonstramos ainda que os doentes obesos apresentaram diferenças na qualidade do tecido adiposo. Conclusão: Os nossos resultados reforçam a importância da qualidade e da distribuição do tecido adiposo para a estratificação do risco metabólico. Palavras-chave: 18F-Fluorodesoxiglucose; Gordura Intra-Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagem; Gordura Subcutânea/diagnóstico por imagem; Obesidade/diagnóstico por imagem; Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem; Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons ABSTRACTIntroduction: The emerging role of the 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the study of the metabolic activity and inflammation in adipose tissue indicates that it might be a reliable tool to complement the risk stratification in obesity. The aims of this study were the evaluation of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by visceral adipose tissues and subcutaneous adipose tissues and to determine eventual differences in patients with and without obesity. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of adult patients who underwent whole body 18 F-fluo...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.