We studied microorganisms associated with infant diarrhea in a group of 256 children admitted to a public pediatric hospital in Montevideo, Uruguay. Diagnostic procedures were updated to optimize detection of potential pathogens, which were found in 63.8% of cases, and to be able to define their characteristics down to molecular or antigenic type. Coinfection with two or more agents was detected in more than one-third of positive studies. Escherichia coli enteric virotypes, especially enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), were shown to be prevalent. Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter (mainly Campylobacter jejuni), and Shigella flexneri were also often identified. Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, and Giardia lamblia were sporadically recognized. Unusual findings included two enteroinvasive E. coli strains, one Shigella dysenteriae 2 isolate, and a non-O:1 Vibrio cholerae culture. EPEC bacteria and S. flexneri (but not Salmonella) showed unusually frequent antimicrobial resistance, especially towards beta-lactam antibiotics, which is the subject of ongoing work.
Edible insects are an integral part of the Traditional Food System of the Popoloca people of Los Reyes Metzontla in Mexico. Investigation of the knowledge associated with the gathering, preparation, consumption and classification (hot-cold) of edible insects shows that insect gathering is closely related with other activities such as subsistence agriculture, firewood collection and animal husbandry. These activities involve visits to the scrubland where, in addition, many wild foods are gathered depending upon their temporal availability. The people of Los Reyes Metzontla consume at least 17 species of insects. One of them, (Mormidea (Mormidea) notulata, Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a new record for the Edible Insects Database in Mexico and a new record for the state of Puebla.
Objective: Inhaler technique comprises a set of procedures for drug delivery to the respiratory system. The oral inhalation of medications is the first-line treatment for lung diseases. Using the proper inhaler technique ensures sufficient drug deposition in the distal airways, optimizing therapeutic effects and reducing side effects. The purposes of this study were to assess inhaler technique in pediatric and adult patients with asthma; to determine the most common errors in each group of patients; and to compare the results between the two groups. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Using a ten-step protocol, we assessed inhaler technique in 135 pediatric asthma patients and 128 adult asthma patients. Results: The most common error among the pediatric patients was failing to execute a 10-s breath-hold after inhalation, whereas the most common error among the adult patients was failing to exhale fully before using the inhaler. Conclusions: Pediatric asthma patients appear to perform most of the inhaler technique steps correctly. However, the same does not seem to be true for adult patients.
ResumenLa hidatidosis o equinococosis quística es una enfermedad zoonótica que tiene presentaciones clínicas muy heterogé-neas. Los quistes sintomáticos y complicados habitualmente son resueltos mediante cirugía siguiendo las reglas de la WHO-IWGE. Sin embargo, en las formas transicionales (CE3) los criterios terapéuticos continúan en discusión. Asimismo, en quistes asintomáticos y en pacientes con alto riesgo quirúrgico, la opción del tratamiento médico con benzoimidazólicos y su combinación con la estrategia de vigilar y esperar puede ser una alternativa terapéutica segura. Se presenta un caso de hidatidosis hepática CE3b con características clínico-evolutivas excepcionales y alto riesgo quirúr-gico en que se adoptó un manejo de vigilancia clínica y tratamiento con albendazol. Se analizan los beneficios y riesgos de esta terapéutica. IntroducciónLa equinococosis quística o hidatidosis es una enfermedad zoonótica causada por el parasitismo de la larva de Echinococcus granulosus, que continúa siendo un grave problema sanitario en el mundo, en la región y en Uruguay (1) . El hígado es la localización más frecuente; según nuestra casuística representa el 59% de los casos, con una gran variabilidad en su presentación clínica y sintomatología (2) . El diagnóstico se basa en la presentación clínica, factores de riesgo epidemiológicos, imagenología y serología, teniendo esta última un rol complementario (3) . Actualmente los criterios generales de tratamiento se ajustan a los criterios establecidos a partir de la clasificación WHO-CE (4) y la clásica de Gharbi (5) , los que dependen de la localización, tamaño, presencia de complicaciones, quistes y riesgos de diseminación. Sin embargo, existe una población de casos asintomáticos y no complicados en los cuales se discuten los resultados de la cirugía (abierta o laparoscópica) frente a otras alternativas de tratamiento médico, percutánea o una estrategia de vigilancia y espera, o ambas (6,7) . En algunos casos la combinación de terapéutica mé-dica con albendazol (ABZ) en series (3 a 6) de 30 días con descanso de 15 días entre ellos es recomendada, continuando con un seguimiento regular por imagenología anual (6)(7)(8) . El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un caso de equinococosis quística hepática CE3b, con alto riesgo quirúrgico, tratado mediante vigilancia/esperar y alben-269
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