Most Spanish prisons provide specialised treatment for incarcerated sex offenders, both rapists and child molesters. This treatment is a cognitive-behavioural intervention that has shown relative effectiveness in previous research. With regard to offenders' rehabilitation, recidivism assessments are necessary as a final measure of treatment effectiveness. However, the evaluation of recidivism by itself does not provide sufficient information on the treatment process and the specific effects that treated subjects could undergo. This paper aims to analyse the therapeutic effectiveness of psychological treatment provided to rapists (in general, males sentenced for committing a sexual offence against women). To this aim, a group of treated rapists (N = 153) serving a sentence in prison was analysed. Using a specially designed scale (PASSO), the global therapeutic change and ten specific variables (including assertiveness, readiness to change, cognitive distortions, impulsivity, etc.) were assessed. The within-subjects comparison showed that treated sex offenders improved, in therapeutic terms, globally as well as in most of the specific variables assessed (improvements not experimented by the control group). Also, different therapeutic subscales showed relevant associations between them. The findings regarding treatment effectiveness are discussed.
The purpose of this article was to develop an Spanish psychometric typology of sexual offenders taking into account dynamic risk factors. The sample comprised 94 sex offenders imprisoned in Spain (52 rapists and 42 child molesters). The analysis yielded two different offender categories based on the subjects' criminogenic needs level (high and low). The results also showed that social desirability has a strong influence on the developed typologies, whereas the offence type, sociodemographic characteristics, and criminal history do not. A dynamic risk factors typology, such as the one proposed here, could help criminal and correctional facilities to fulfill their remit. It could also be useful for linking treatment intensity to offenders' criminogenic needs, as well as providing a platform for recidivism risk assessments.
En este trabajo se analiza el conocimiento actual sobre etiología, prevención y tratamiento de la delincuencia sexual. Diferentes experiencias infantiles traumáticas, como graves carencias afectivas, desatención familiar, crianza inapropiada y victimización sexual pueden contribuir al inicio de conductas de abuso o agresión sexual en algunos varones. Posteriormente, tales comportamientos delictivos pueden consolidarse en asociación con otros factores de riesgo personales, incluyendo graves déficits en empatía y firmes distorsiones cognitivas y justificaciones del delito. Dada esta diversidad de factores de riesgo, se considera aquí imprescindible que la agresión sexual se prevenga ya desde la infancia y la adolescencia, mediante intervenciones educativas en los contextos de la familia, la escuela y la justicia de menores. Aun así, cuando se producen delitos sexuales graves, sus autores van a ser probablemente detenidos y encarcelados. De ahí la necesidad también de aplicar tratamientos en las prisiones, que favorezcan la mejora terapéutica de los participantes y, a la postre, reduzcan su riesgo de reincidencia.
1 Este trabajo se fundamenta en los resultados de investigación obtenidos en el marco del proyecto de investigación titulado "Factores de éxito asociados a los programas de intervención con menores infractores", promovido y financiado por la Dirección General de Política Social, de las Familias y de la Infancia (Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social) y del Proyecto Coordinado I+D (SEJ2005-09170-C04-01/PSI) titulado "Delincuencia violenta: programas de prevención, tratamiento y predicción".Ibilbide kriminalen inguruko ikerkuntzak nabarmendu izan du gazte-delinkuentzia prebentzio konplexuko fenomenoa dela duen faktore anitzeko etiologiagatik. Ondorengo testu honetan azaltzen dira joandako urteotan ikerkuntzak jokabide delitugilea gertatzeko aukera gehiago dituzten nabarmendutako arrisku-faktoreak. Halaber, berrikusten dira nazioartean gehien erabili eta eraginkortasun nabarmenena erakutsi duten eskuartze terapeutikoek oinarri dituzten ikuspegi teorikoak. Horretaz gain, ikuspegi aplikatu bati jarraituz deskribatzen dira espainiar komunitate batzuetan adingabekoak gizarteratzeko burutu diren ekimen eta gizarte-hezkuntzako programa garrantzitsuenak. Azkenik, aurrekoaren hariari jarraikiz, azterlan honetan erlazionatzen dira Espainian garatutako aplikazio praktikoak berrikusitako ibilbide kriminal, arrisku-faktore eta eraginkortasun terapeutikoaren inguruko ezaguerarekin. Hitz-gakoak:Gazte-delinkuentzia, arrisku-faktoreak, delitugileen tratamendua, gizarte-hezkuntzako eskuartzea, eraginkortasuna.La investigación sobre carreras criminales ha destacado que la delincuencia juvenil es un fenómeno de compleja prevención, debido a su etiología multifactorial. En el siguiente trabajo, se exponen los principales factores de riesgo asociados a una mayor probabilidad de conducta delictiva que la investigación ha identificado a lo largo de los últimos años. Así mismo, se revisan las perspectivas teóricas sobre las que se fundamentan las intervenciones terapéuticas más utilizadas internacionalmente y que han demostrado una mayor eficacia. Además, desde un punto de vista aplicado, se describen las actuaciones y programas socioeducativos más importantes que se dirigen a la reintegración social de los menores aplicados en las diversas comunidades españolas. Finalmente, en coherencia con lo anterior, en este trabajo se pone en relación las aplicaciones prácticas desarrolladas en España con los conocimientos revisados sobre carreras criminales, factores de riesgo y eficacia terapéutica. Palabras clave:Delincuencia juvenil, factores de riesgo, tratamiento de delincuentes, intervención socioeducativa, eficacia.
The sexual abuse of children is a serious social problem that must be prevented through distinct measures. Among them is the application of treatments to those who have already committed sex crimes in order to prevent them from committing a new one. To assess the efficacy of sexual offense treatment, the most common method has been to compare the recidivism rates of treated and untreated groups. Several meta-analyses in this regard—as well as some specific studies in Spain—have shown that the application of treatment is associated with lower recidivism rates. However, the analysis of the subjects’ recidivism alone does not reveal the therapeutic changes that the treatment may elicit in them. Some international studies have evaluated the therapeutic improvements resulting from the application of treatments to men who had sexually abused children. In this context, this study explores the therapeutic changes experienced by a sample of subjects imprisoned for child abuse ( N = 145), after participating in the treatment program applied in the Spanish prison system. Nine therapeutic variables were assessed (such as anxiety, cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and social self-esteem), before and after treatment, using an instrument named the Psychological Assessment Scale for Sex Offenders (PASSO). The obtained results show that most of the assessed therapeutic variables improved after treatment, with strong correlations between them. The implications of the results for treatment practice are discussed, as well as the main methodological limitations of this research.
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