The copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐octadecene using a bridged metallocene was studied in order to observe the effect of the comonomer on the catalytic activity. A noticeable increase in activity is seen as the concentration of 1‐octadecene in the reaction medium increases. 13C NMR analysis shows 6.4 mol‐% incorporation of comonomer at the highest 1‐octadecene concentration in the feed used here. The molecular weight of the copolymers shows a drastic decrease that may be attributed to chain termination by transfer or β‐elimination of the comonomer. As to the molecular weight distribution, it remains within a narrow range, as expected with metallocene catalysts. The melting temperature and the enthalpy of melting of the copolymers show a decrease with increasing comonomer content. As usual for ethylene copolymers, the X‐ray crystallinities are higher than those determined from the enthalpy of melting.
Four ethylene-1-octadecene copolymers and the corresponding polyethylene homopolymer, synthesized with a metallocene catalyst, have been analyzed by using three characterization techniques in the solid state: differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Very important annealing effects are observed in the copolymers with higher comonomer content while standing at room temperature, in such a way that the enthalpies of melting derived from the first and second melting are different. The X-ray diffractograms have been analyzed in terms of amorphous and crystalline components, determining both the crystallinity and the position of the different reflections. The variation of the unit cell parameters has been calculated from those reflections. No indication of a possible participation of the relatively long 1-octadecene branches in the crystallization can be deduced from the X-ray data. The degree of crystallinity has also been determined from the Raman spectra, following two procedures. The results indicate that the crystallinities deduced from the band at 1416 cm Ϫ1 are much lower than those derived from the other two characterization techniques. On the contrary, the data from the 1060 cm Ϫ1 band are practically coincident with the X-ray determinations.
En el Centro de Investigación Piscícola de la Universidad de Córdoba se realizaron dos experimentos; en el primero, el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes presas en el manejo de la primera alimentación del bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae y en el segundo, con la mejor presa del ensayo anterior, determinar el tiempo mínimo de manejo de la primera alimentación. En ambos casos las post-larvas fueron sembradas a 50/ L en acuario de 5 L. En el primer experimento se evaluaron las siguientes presas: nauplios de Artemia (NA), cistos descapsulados de Artemia (CA), zooplancton silvestre tamizado entre 125-160 μm (Z125-160) y zooplancton silvestre tamizado entre 250-400 μm (Z250-400), ofrecidas durante cinco días a razón de 5 Presa/mL. Además, un grupo de post-larvas fue sometida a ayuno. Las mayores ganancias de peso y longitud total la registraron las post-larvas alimentadas con NA (2.0±1.8 mg, 1.8±0.9 mm) y Z250-400 (2.0±1.1 mg, 1.6±0.5 mm). La sobrevivencia de las post-larvas alimentadas con NA (73.2±10.7%) fue mayor a las registradas en los demás tratamientos (P<0.05). La baja sobrevivencia de las post-larvas alimentadas con Z250-400 μm (49.9±23.8%) se debió a la mortalidad ocasionada por la presencia de copépodos predadores en el zooplancton ofrecido (Mesocyclops sp, Thermocyclops decipiens ). El pobre crecimiento de las post-larvas alimentadas con Z125- 160 (0.8±0.4 mg, 1.1±0.2 mm) y CA (0.5±0.9 mg, 0.7±0.5 mm) fue debido en el caso del zooplancton porque resultó pequeño para la abertura bucal del bocachico (671±12.8 mm) y por tanto ineficiente en el balance energético; mientras que en el caso de CA este se comportó como un alimento inerte que no estimuló su consumo. En el segundo ensayo se ofreció NA durantes diferentes periodos: 1, 3, 5 y 7 días, a razón de 5 presas/mL. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la sobrevivencia final entre los diferentes tratamientos; la cual osciló entre 86.0±9.8% (1 día) y 91.1±7,7% (3 días). Las post-larvas alimentadas por 7 días presentaron la mejor ganancia en peso (5.3±3.8 mg) y ganancia en longitud (2.8±1.6 mm). Las post-larvas alimentadas entre 3 y 5 días no presentaron diferencias significativas en la ganancia en peso (P>0.05). Mientras que la tasa de crecimiento específico (G) osciló entre 17.1 (5 días) y 22.3 %/día (3 días), sin observarse diferencias estadísticas significativas (P>0.05). Las post-larvas alimentadas durante 3, 5 y 7 días presentaron las mejores sobrevivencias (92.2±6.2, 93.3±4.3, 95.6±3.9% respectivamente) cuando fueron sometidas a la prueba de resistencia al estrés. Las post-larvas alimentadas por un solo día mostraron la menor sobrevivencia al ser sometidas a esta prueba (87±1%). Los resultados del estudio sugieren que nauplios de Artemia o zooplancton silvestre en el rango de 250-400 mm, libre de predadores, son presas adecuada para el manejo de la primera alimentación al menos durante 3 días antes de ser sembradas en estanques en tierra.
SUMMARY: The copolymerization of ethylene and 1-octadecene using a bridged metallocene was studied in order to observe the effect of the comonomer on the catalytic activity. A noticeable increase in activity is seen as the concentration of 1-octadecene in the reaction medium increases. 13C NMR analysis shows 6.4 mol-% incorporation of comonomer at the highest 1-octadecene concentration in the feed used here. The molecular weight of the copolymers shows a drastic decrease that may be attributed to chain termination by transfer or b-elimination of the comonomer. As to the molecular weight distribution, it remains within a narrow range, as expected with metallocene catalysts. The melting temperature and the enthalpy of melting of the copolymers show a decrease with increasing comonomer content. As usual for ethylene copolymers, the X-ray crystallinities are higher than those determined from the enthalpy of melting.
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