Cell-based assays are essential for virus functional characterization in fundamental and applied research. Overcoming the limitations of virus-labelling strategies while allowing functional assessment of critical viral enzymes, virus-induced cell-based biosensors constitute a powerful approach. Herein, we designed and characterized different cell-based switch-on split GFP sensors reporting viral proteolytic activity and virus infection. Crucial to these sensors is the effective—yet reversible—fluorescence off-state, through protein distortion. For that, single (protein embedment or intein-mediated cyclization) or dual (coiled-coils) distortion schemes prevent split GFP self-assembly, until virus-promoted proteolysis of a cleavable sequence. All strategies showed their applicability in detecting viral proteolysis, although with different efficiencies depending on the protease. While for tobacco etch virus protease the best performing sensor was based on coiled-coils (signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, 97), for adenovirus and lentivirus proteases it was based on GFP11 cyclization (SNR 3.5) or GFP11 embedment distortion (SNR 6.0), respectively. When stably expressed, the sensors allowed live cell biosensing of adenovirus infection, with sensor fluorescence activation 24 h post-infection. The structural distortions herein studied are highly valuable in the development of cellular biosensing platforms. Additionally highlighted, selection of the best performing strategy is highly dependent on the unique properties of each viral protease.
Neoplastische Hautläsionen sind multifokal auftretende, diffuse Hautinfiltrationen, die besonders in der Differentialdiagnose ulzerativer, nodulärer oder verkrustender Hautläsionen von Bedeutung sind. Nicht-melanozytäre Hautkrebsformen (nonmelanoma skin cancers, NMSC) wie das Basalzellkarzinom (basal cell carcinoma, BCC), das Plattenepithelkarzinom (squamous cell carcinoma, SCC) und die aktinische Keratose (AK) sind die häufigsten malignen Tumoren beim Menschen. BCC wachsen langsam und bilden meist keine Metastasen, wohingegen SCC ein stärker infiltrierendes, destruierendes Wachstum zeigen und Metastasen bilden. AK sind Vorstufen des kutanen SCC. Bei der klassischen NMSC-Therapie kommt die photodynamische Therapie in Verbindung mit Chemotherapeutika zur Anwendung. Das zunehmende Verständnis der Pathomechanismen, die bei der Tumorentstehung, -progression und -differenzierung eine Rolle spielen, stützt die Anwendung zielgerichteter Chemotherapien zur Verringerung der Zytotoxizität klassischer Therapien. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit beschreibt den aktuellen Wissensstand über NMSC, einschließlich der Risikofaktoren, Onkogene und Karzinogenese von Hautkrebs und erörtert die herkömmliche Behandlung im Vergleich zu neuartigen therapeutischen Optionen. Übersetzung aus Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018;31:59-73 (DOI: 10.1159/000479529)
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