Human activities such as habitat degradation and fragmentation threaten biodiversity in Neotropical areas. This work proposes an analytical methodology to identify natural areas in Central America with anthropogenic impact, analyzing the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in accordance with their theoretical relationship with human-related activities. Sixteen ARGs were quantified in feces of different individuals of 13 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 13 pumas (Puma concolor) in three conservation areas in Costa Rica by real-time PCR. At least one ARG was detected in all samples. Of the ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance, the most frequent were tetQ and tetY (85% and 69%, respectively). The sulfonamides (sulI and sulII; 69% each), phenicols (catI and catII; 19% and 54%, respectively), and quinolones (qnrS; 12%) were also detected. The presence of human settlements, livestock farms (pigs, cattle, and poultry), roads, human health centers, flood zones, and rivers were identified within each area to generate an index of human activity. We found no difference between the presence of ARG by roads, agricultural activities, and human settlements (P>0.05). However, tetW showed higher percentages with porcine and bovine farms; both tetY and tetW were more frequent in jaguars than in pumas. Of concern is that many of the most contaminated samples were taken from national parks, such as Braulio Carrillo and Tortuguero, where animals should not have direct contact with humans.
El intercambio ecológico y la viabilidad de la biodiversidad de Costa Rica se ven amenazados por ladegradación y la fragmentación del bosque. Esta investigación pretende proponer una herramienta paraidentificar el posible impacto de las actividades pecuarias sobre áreas de conservación del Caribe. Para ello, serealizó la extracción de ADN de las heces de 14 jaguares (Panthera onca) y 13 pumas (Puma concolor) de vidalibre mediante el kit Fujifilm, Fuji. Estas fueron identificadas previamente por individuo y especie, mediantemétodos moleculares. Luego, se cuantificaron 16 genes de resistencias a los antimicrobianos (ARGs) (tetA,tetB, tetC, tetK, tetM, tetQ, tetS, tetW y tetY, catI, catII, sulI, sulII, qnrS, vanA y mecA) mediante qPCR. Lacaracterización de los sitios de muestreo se hizo mediante QGIS y ArGIS, al emplear datos geoespacialesde la región y el censo de SENASA 2014. De los 14 ARGs hallados, 9.3 % tenían una resistencia baja, 16 %intermedia y 13.9 % alta. Los genes tetQ (85.2 %) y tetY (70.3 %) fueron los más frecuentes, mientras que tetS(11.1 %) fue el menos usual. Las sulfonamidas (sulI y sulII) (70.3 % cada uno), fenicoles (catII y catI) (18.5 %y 52 %, respectivamente) y quinolonas (qnrS) (11 %) presentaron valores representativos. No se identificarongenes de vancomicina (vanA) ni meticilina (mecA). Los jaguares tuvieron más número de ARGs (37 %). ElParque Nacional Braulio Carrillo fue el área donde se encontraron las más altas concentraciones de tet, suly cat. El gen qnrS se identificó, principalmente, fuera de áreas protegidas. De acuerdo con el análisis integralde los datos, el impacto pecuario podría influir sobre la presencia y concentración de ARGs.
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