ABSTRACT:The mass consolidation treatment of azulejos is necessary when ceramic biscuits show signs of disaggregation. Such treatment is often used as a complementary conservation technique to the reestablishment of weakened glaze-ceramic bonds. In this research, two commonly used consolidants (ethyl silicate and acrylic resin) were tested on artisanal ceramic tiles via mass consolidation and the resulting impregnation profiles were evaluated. The results indicated that after consolidation, hard zones frequently formed due to localized consolidant concentration after the polymerization and curing processes. These inhomogeneous hard zones subsequently influenced the results obtained through conventional mechanical strength testing (i.e. flexural and compression), creating a false impression of success. This research demonstrated that by using the Drilling Resistance Measuring System, impregnation characteristics such as penetration depth and distribution of consolidant could be observed that otherwise could not be discerned through the more common testing methods. As such, a more extensive evaluation of consolidation effects was achieved. RESUMEN: Tratamientos de consolidación aplicados en materiales cerámicos: ¿Son homogéneos?En la conservación de los azulejos alterados se utilizan productos con acción consolidante a fin de recuperar la cohesión del cuerpo cerámico disgregado. En este trabajo se investiga el efecto de la consolidación de dos productos muy utilizados en la práctica de la conservación de los azulejos (un silicato de etilo comercial y una resina acrílica), aplicados en un material cerámico artesanal. Los resultados obtenidos indican que pueden producirse zonas con resistencias mayores debido a la concentración local del producto y, a la vez de un material consolidado homogéneo, resulta un material heterogéneo. Por otro lado, la existencia de estas zonas puede conducir a falsos resultados en los ensayos destructivos (resistencia mecánica a la flexión y compresión) utilizados frecuentemente en la evaluación de la acción de consolidación. Se demuestra que mediante el uso de la resistencia a la perforación (DRMS) es posible definir las características, la distribución y el patrón de impregnación, los cuales no pueden ser observadas por los métodos comúnmente utilizados.
Palavras-chaveAzulejos hispano-mouriscos Vidrados plúmbicos Corpo cerâmico Composição química Características físicas Escavação arqueológica ResumoNeste trabalho estuda-se um conjunto de fragmentos de azulejos hispano-mouriscos do espólio do Museu de Lisboa -Teatro Romano. Apresenta-se a caracterização química e morfológica dos vidrados e do corpo cerâmico e a caracterização mineralógica deste último. Os vidrados são plúmbicos, sendo que os de cor branca e azul devem a sua opacidade a SnO 2 (4-11 %). As restantes cores apresentam teores de SnO 2 inferiores a 2 %. O corpo cerâmico é típico de pastas calcíticas, sendo os teores de CaO de 16-28 % e de Fe 2 O 3 de 4-5 %, este último responsável pela cor creme/ rosada. O estudo mineralógico permitiu identificar volastonite, calcite, diópsido e plagioclases cálcicas. Os resultados indicam que as temperaturas de cozedura foram geralmente próximas de 1000 ºC enquanto em alguns casos terão provavelmente estado mais perto dos 900 ºC. A caracterização física revelou valores de 30-42 % para a porosidade aberta, distribuição de tamanho de poros bimodal, absorção máxima de água de 16-26 % e coeficientes de absorção de água por capilaridade de 1,5-6,1 kg·m AbstractThis work intends to study a set of Hispano-Moresque tile fragments from the Lisbon Roman Theatre Museum collection. The chemical and morphological characterization of the glazes and the ceramic body was presented and also the mineralogical characterization of the latter. The glazes are plumbic, being the opacity of the white and blue colors due to SnO 2 (4-11 %). The other colors present amounts of SnO 2 lower than 2 %. The ceramic body is typical of calcite-based pastes with CaO between 16-28 % and Fe 2 O 3 between 4-5 %, the latter being responsible for the cream/ rose color. The mineralogical study identified wollastonite, calcite, diopside and calcic plagioclases. The results indicate that the firing temperature was generally around 1000 ºC while in some cases it was probably closer to 900 ºC. Physical characterization revealed values of 30-42 % for open porosity, a bimodal pore size distribution, a maximum water absorption of 16-26 % and a water absorption coefficient by capillarity of 1,5-6,1 kg·m
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