Introduction Screening for cervical cancer (CC) prevention has substantially changed with the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) tests. This technology compared to cytology has increased the detection of pre-malignant and malignant cervical lesions in real-world programmes in different settings. Very importantly, through self-collection, HPV testing can reduce barriers to screening and increase coverage. However, when using HPV self-collection, triage tests are a key step in the CC prevention process, and high adherence to triage has been difficult to obtain in low-middle income settings. The aim of this study was to measure adherence to triage among women with HPV+ self-collection and analysed factors associated with this adherence in a middle-low resource setting in Argentina. We also evaluated key indicators related to the implementation of the HPV self-collection strategy. Methods We analysed data on screening/triage/diagnosis/treatment from women aged 30+ who performed self-collection between 2015 and 2017 ( n = 15,763), in the public health system in Tucuman, Argentina. We analysed secondary data from the national screening information system. The primary outcomes were: 1) adherence to cytology triage within the recommended timeframe (120 days) and 2) overall adherence to cytology triage including data at 18 months after screening. Multivariable regression was used to examine the association between age group, year of the screening test, record of the previous Pap-based screening and health insurance status with adherence to triage test as a primary outcome. We reported odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p -value of 0.05, which was considered the threshold for p -values). Results We analysed data of 2,389 HPV+ women. The overall adherence to triage at 18 months was 42.9%. The percentage of women completing cytology triage within the recommended timeframe of 120 days was lower (25.2%). Women with the record of a previous Pap-based screening had 1.86 times the odds of having a triage compared to women without a record of a previous Pap-based screening (95% CI: 1.64–2.64, p <0.001). Furthermore, the probability of having triage at the recommended timeframe was higher among women who were older and women with public health insurance. Conclusions Our results showed that adherence to triage in the recommended timeframe was low. In addition, the probability of having triage at the recommended timeframe was higher among women with a record of a previous Pap-based screening, a proxy of the use of health services. Our results showed that adherence to triage in the context of the HPV-self-collection strategy is challenging. The implementation of alternative approaches that might facilitate adherence to triage should be further investigated.
PURPOSE This study describes the 10 steps followed to produce the information architecture of a user-centered design (UCD) counseling mobile application, the first phase to develop an app. The app aims to reduce the psychosocial impact of the human papillomavirus test result and improve women's knowledge of human papilloma virus and cervical cancer. METHODS We used a UCD approach to produce the information architecture of the app (ie, how to organize contents into features). We analyzed field notes, meeting agendas, and documentation produced during each stage of the design process. We described the goals, methods, and outcomes of each step. We also discussed the critical challenges and the strategies to address them. RESULTS The steps are (1) knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs mapping: reanalysis of team's research findings from prior studies; (2) environmental scanning of apps available on the market; (3) stakeholders' point of view: The International Advisory Committee; (4) potential user's profile: building archetypes through the Persona method; (5) women's interviews: user's preferences and experiences; (6) effective features: scoping review to select app's features that address psychosocial impact; (7) the user journey: ideal interaction with the gynecological service and the counseling app; (8) women's focus groups: using Personas and Scenarios to discuss app's mock-up; (9) women's design sessions: prototype test and card-sorting techniques; and (10) team's design session: translating results into visual objects and features. CONCLUSION We provide here detailed descriptions of the UCD process of an app for human papillomavirus–tested women for those venturing into the area of mHealth strategies work. Our experience can be used as a guide for future mHealth app development for a low- and middle-income setting.
Background In Argentina, HPV self-collection offered by community health workers was demonstrated to be effective to improve cervical cancer screening uptake. Based on these findings, the EMA strategy was scaled up in nine Argentinian provinces. However, there is no evidence about the degree of fidelity—in relation to the core components proposed by the National Program on Cervical Cancer Prevention—with which this strategy was implemented in the new jurisdictions. We carried out a fidelity evaluation of the EMA strategy scaling-up aimed at evaluating the level of adherence to the core components of the EMA strategy, and how different moderating factors affected the implementation fidelity. Methods This descriptive study used a multi-method approach involving quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the implementation fidelity using the Conceptual Framework for Implementation Fidelity. Evaluation of the degree of adherence to the core components of the EMA strategy was carried out through the analysis of a self-administered survey of health promoters, observations, and secondary data from the National Screening Information System. The analysis of moderating factors was carried out through analysis of field notes, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. Results Our results showed that the core components with highest fidelity were training, sample handling, and transportation. Regarding the offer of HPV self-collection, we found some adaptations such as locations in which health promoters offered HPV self-collection, and fewer pieces of information provided to women during the offer. In the follow-up and treatment core component, we found a reduced adherence to triage and colposcopy. Some contextual factors had a negative impact on implementation fidelity, such as urban insecurity and the reduction in the number of health promoters that offered HPV self-collection. Moderating factors that contributed to achieve high level of fidelity included a well-defined strategy with clear steps to follow, permanent feedback and high level of engagement among implementers. Conclusions Our study shows how the analysis of fidelity and adaptations of HPV self-collection in real-world contexts are key to measure and maximize its effectiveness in low-middle-income settings.
Purpose: HPV self-collection (SC) has been proposed as a strategy to increase cervical cancer (CC) screening coverage among hard-to-reach women. However, evaluations of the implementation fidelity of this strategy in real-world contexts are scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the implementation fidelity of the core components of SC strategy (EMA strategy) in La Matanza, Buenos Aires, Argentina. We report preliminary results. Methods: We carried out a descriptive study. The core components included: 1) Training: Two workshops delivered to health promoters (HP) including scientific data on CC prevention; 2) Offer of SC during home visits: HP provide women with information about CC prevention, and a 10-minute step-by-step explanation on how to perform SC, 3) Sample handling and transportation (SH&T): Sample collectors labeled with the woman's name and identifying number are transported at room temperature to the HPV laboratory (within 14 days) and 4) Follow-up of HPV+ women: cytology triage for HPV+ women. Data sources included: selfadministered questionnaires to evaluate knowledge acquired in the training (n=171), a structured checklist to evaluate offer of self-collection and SH&T (74 observations), and secondary data from the national screening information system (SITAM) to evaluate follow-up.. Quantitative analyses assessed whether activities were implemented as planned, using descriptive statistics. Results: Training: 95% of HP participated in the two workshops. More than 90% had adequate knowledge about the strategy (score of more than 70% on questionnaire). Offer of self-collection: 47% offered SC during home visit and 53% in community health meetings and waiting rooms of primary health care centers. HP had less time than stipulated in the training to offer self-collection (mean: 8 minutes; range: 1-17 minutes), so fewer pieces of information were provided. 79% of eligible women accepted self-collection. Sample handling and transportation: More than 96% adhered to the standardized protocol. Follow-up of HPV+ women: 57% of HPV+ women had a triage test registered in SITAM. Conclusion: The core components with the highest fidelity were Training and SH&T. We found adaptations in the offer of SC. Our results suggest that these adaptations do not affect the acceptability of SC. In addition, adherence to triage in the context of the SC strategy is a challenge. Research for this publication was funded by National Cancer Institute (Argentina)- Asistencia Financiera a Proyectos de Investigación en Cáncer de Origen Nacional IV. This protocol has been approved by the COMUBI Review Board (Protocol number 36, Acta 3, Folio 150) Citation Format: Melisa Paolino, Beatriz Firmenich, Victoria Sánchez Antelo, Milca Cuberli, Mirana Curotto, Anabella Le Pera, Silvina Arrossi. Implementation Fidelity of a HPV Self-Collection Strategy in Buenos Aires, Argentina [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 100.
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